Category: Engineering Exams

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE ADMISSION TEST

:PATTERN OF EXAMINATION:

The BITSAT Exam Pattern is the best option for the candidate to get the format of the exam. In the exam pattern, a candidate can get the Question paper format and its related elements like time duration, a total number of questions, marking scheme, weight given to each section, subjects and sections covered in the question paper, etc.

:SYLLABUS OF EXAMINATION:

BITSAT Syllabus contains all the topics and chapters from where the question paper of BITSAT  will be set. The syllabus of BITSAT will have topics from Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and English Proficiency & Logical Reasoning.

Part I: Physics

1. Units & Measurement

• Units (Different systems of units, SI units, fundamental and derived units)
• Dimensional Analysis
• Precision and significant figures
• Fundamental measurements in Physics (Vernier calipers, screw gauge, Physical balance etc)

2. Kinematics

• Properties of vectors
• Position, velocity and acceleration vectors
• Motion with constant acceleration
• Projectile motion
• Uniform circular motion
• Relative motion

3. Newton’s Laws of Motion

• Newton’s laws (free body diagram, resolution of forces)
• Motion on an inclined plane
• Motion of blocks with pulley systems
• Circular motion – centripetal force
• Inertial and non-inertial frames

4. Impulse and Momentum

• Definition of impulse and momentum
• Conservation of momentum
• Collisions
• Momentum of a system of particles
• Center of mass

5. Work and Energy

• Work done by a force
• Kinetic energy and work-energy theorem
• Power
• Conservative forces and potential energy
• Conservation of mechanical energy

6. Rotational Motion

• Description of rotation (angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration)
• Rotational motion with constant angular acceleration
• Moment of inertia, Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, rotational kinetic energy
• Torque and angular momentum
• Conservation of angular momentum
• Rolling motion

7. Gravitation

• Newton’s law of gravitation
• Gravitational potential energy, Escape velocity
• Motion of planets – Kepler’s laws, satellite motion

8. Mechanics of Solids and Fluids

• Elasticity
• Pressure, density and Archimedes’ principle
• Viscosity and Surface Tension
• Bernoulli’s theorem

9. Oscillations

• Kinematics of simple harmonic motion
• Spring mass system, simple and compound pendulum
• Forced & damped oscillations, resonance

10. Waves

• Progressive sinusoidal waves
• Standing waves in strings and pipes
• Superposition of waves, beats
• Doppler Effect

11. Heat and Thermodynamics

• Kinetic theory of gases
• Thermal equilibrium and temperature
• Specific heat, Heat Transfer – Conduction, convection and radiation, thermal conductivity, Newton’slaw of cooling
• Work, heat and first law of thermodynamics
• 2nd law of thermodynamics, Carnot engine – Efficiency and Coefficient of performance

12. Electrostatics

• Coulomb’s law
• Electric field (discrete and continuous charge distributions)
• Electrostatic potential and Electrostatic potential energy
• Gauss’ law and its applications
• Electric dipole
• Capacitance and dielectrics (parallel plate capacitor, capacitors in series and parallel)

13. Current Electricity

• Ohm’s law, Joule heating
• D.C circuits – Resistors and cells in series and parallel, Kirchoff’s laws, potentiometer and Wheatstone bridge
• Electrical Resistance (Resistivity, origin and temperature dependence of resistivity).

14. Magnetic Effect of Current

• Biot-Savart’s law and its applications
• Ampere’s law and its applications
• Lorentz force, force on current carrying conductors in a magnetic field
• Magnetic moment of a current loop, torque on a current loop, Galvanometer and its conversion to voltmeter and ammeter

15. Electromagnetic Induction

• Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law, eddy currents
• Self and mutual inductance
• Transformers and generators
• Alternating current (peak and rms value)
• AC circuits, LCR circuits

16. Optics

• Laws of reflection and refraction
• Lenses and mirrors
• Optical instruments – telescope and microscope
• Interference – Huygen’s principle, Young’s double slit experiment
• Interference in thin films
• Diffraction due to a single slit
• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (only qualitative ideas), Electromagnetic spectrum
• Polarization – states of polarization, Malus’ law, Brewster’s law

17. Modern Physics

• Dual nature of light and matter – Photoelectric effect, De Broglie wavelength
• Atomic models – Rutherford’s experiment, Bohr’s atomic model
• Hydrogen atom spectrum
• Radioactivity
• Nuclear reactions : Fission and fusion, binding energy

18. Electronic Devices

• Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators and semiconductors;
• Semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator.
• Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator
• Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch.

Part II: Chemistry

1. States of Matter

• Measurement: Physical quantities and SI units, Dimensional analysis, Precision, Significant figures.
• Chemical reactions: Laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory; Mole concept;Atomic, molecular and molar masses; Percentage composition empirical & molecular formula;Balanced chemical equations & stoichiometry
• Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points Gaseous state: Gas Laws, ideal behavior, ideal gas equation, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro number, Deviation from ideal behaviour – Critical temperature, Liquefaction of gases, van der Waals equation.
• Liquid state: Vapour pressure, surface tension, viscosity.
• Solid state: Classification; Space lattices & crystal systems; Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell – Cubic & hexagonal systems; Close packing; Crystal structures: Simple AB and AB2 type ionic crystals, covalent crystals – diamond & graphite, metals. Voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, Imperfections- Point defects, non-stoichiometric crystals; Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties; Amorphous solids – qualitative description. Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators, and n- and p- type semiconductors.

2. Atomic Structure

• Introduction: Subatomic particles; Atomic number, isotopes and isobars, Thompson’s model and its limitations, Rutherford’s picture of atom and its limitations; Hydrogen atom spectrum and Bohr model and its limitations.
• Quantum mechanics: Wave-particle duality – de Broglie relation, Uncertainty principle;Hydrogen atom: Quantum numbers and wavefunctions, atomic orbitals and their shapes (s, p, and d), Spin quantum number.
• Many electron atoms: Pauli exclusion principle; Aufbau principle and the electronic configuration of atoms, Hund’s rule.
• Periodicity: Brief history of the development of periodic tables Periodic law and the modern periodic table; Types of elements: s, p, d, and f blocks; Periodic trends: ionization energy, atomic, and ionic radii, inter gas radii, electron affinity, electro negativity and valency.Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100.

3. Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure

• Valence electrons, Ionic Bond: Lattice Energy and Born-Haber cycle; Covalent character of ionic bonds and polar character of covalent bond, bond parameters
• Molecular Structure: Lewis picture & resonance structures, VSEPR model & molecular shapes
• Covalent Bond: Valence Bond Theory- Orbital overlap, Directionality of bonds & hybridization (s, p & d orbitals only), Resonance; Molecular orbital theory- Methodology, Orbital energy level diagram, Bond order, Magnetic properties for homonuclear diatomic species (qualitative idea only).
• Dipole moments; Hydrogen Bond.

4. Thermodynamics

• Basic Concepts: Systems and surroundings; State functions; Intensive & Extensive Properties; Zeroth Law and Temperature
• First Law of Thermodynamics: Work, internal energy, heat, enthalpy, heat capacities and specific heats, measurements of ∆U and ∆H, Enthalpies of formation, phase transformation, ionization, electron gain; Thermochemistry; Hess’s Law, Enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, atomization, sublimation, solution and dilution
• Second Law: Spontaneous and reversible processes; entropy; Gibbs free energy related to spontaneity and non-spontaneity, non-mechanical work; Standard free energies of formation, free energy change and chemical equilibrium
• Third Law: Introduction

5. Physical and Chemical Equilibria

• Concentration Units: Mole Fraction, Molarity, and Molality
• Solutions: Solubility of solids and gases in liquids, Vapour Pressure, Raoult’s law, Relative lowering of vapor pressure, depression in freezing point; elevation in boiling point; osmotic pressure, determination of molecular mass; solid solutions, abnormal molecular mass, van’t Hoff factor. Equilibrium: Dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action. 
• Physical Equilibrium: Equilibria involving physical changes (solid-liquid, liquid-gas, solid-gas), Surface chemistry, Adsorption, Physical and Chemical adsorption, Langmuir Isotherm, Colloids and emulsion, classification, preparation, uses.
• Chemical Equilibria: Equilibrium constants (KP, KC), Factors affecting equilibrium, Le-Chatelier’s principle.
• Ionic Equilibria: Strong and Weak electrolytes, Acids and Bases (Arrhenius, Lewis, Lowry and Bronsted) and their dissociation; degree of ionization, Ionization of Water; ionization of polybasic acids, pH; Buffer solutions; Henderson equation, Acid-base titrations; Hydrolysis; Solubility Product of Sparingly Soluble Salts; Common Ion Effect.
• Factors Affecting Equilibria: Concentration, Temperature, Pressure, Catalysts, Significance of G and G0 in Chemical Equilibria.

6. Electrochemistry

• Redox Reactions: Oxidation-reduction reactions (electron transfer concept); Oxidation number; Balancing of redox reactions; Electrochemical cells and cell reactions; Standard electrode potentials; EMF of Galvanic cells; Nernst equation; Factors affecting the electrode potential; Gibbs energy change and cell potential; Secondary cells; dry cells, Fuel cells; Corrosion and its prevention.
• Electrolytic Conduction: Electrolytic Conductance; Specific and molar conductivities; variations of conductivity with concentration , Kolhrausch’s Law and its application, Electrolysis, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis; Electrode potential and electrolysis, Commercial production of the chemicals, NaOH, Na, Al.

7. Chemical Kinetics

• Aspects of Kinetics: Rate and Rate expression of a reaction; Rate constant; Order andmolecularity of the reaction; Integrated rate expressions and half life for zero and first order reactions.
• Factor Affecting the Rate of the Reactions: Concentration of the reactants, catalyst; size of particles, Temperature dependence of rate constant concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment); Activation energy. 
• Surface Chemistry Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gasses on solids;catalysis: homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis, colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic multi molecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulations; emulsions–types of emulsions.

8. Hydrogen and s-block elements

• Hydrogen: Element: unique position in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes; Dihydrogen: preparation, properties, reactions, and uses; Molecular, saline, ionic, covalent, interstitialhydrides; Water: Properties; Structure and aggregation of water molecules; Heavy water; Hydrogen peroxide: preparation, reaction, structure & use, Hydrogen as a fuel.
• s-block elements: Abundance and occurrence; Anomalous properties of the first elements in each group; diagonal relationships; trends in the variation of properties (ionization energy, atomic & ionic radii).
• Alkali metals: Lithium, sodium and potassium: occurrence, extraction, reactivity, and electrodepotentials; Biological importance; Reactions with oxygen, hydrogen, halogens water; Basic nature of oxides and hydroxides; Halides; Properties and uses of compounds such as NaCl, Na₂CO₃, NaHCO₃, NaOH, KCl, and KOH.
• Alkaline earth metals: Magnesium and calcium: Occurrence, extraction, reactivity and electrode potentials; Reactions with O₂, H₂O, H₂ and halogens; Solubility and thermal stability of oxo salts; Biological importance of Ca and Mg; Preparation, properties and uses of important compounds such as CaO, Ca(OH)₂, plaster of Paris, MgSO₄, MgCl₂, CaCO₃, and CaSO₄.

9. p- d- and f-block elements

• General: Abundance, distribution, physical and chemical properties, isolation and uses of elements; Trends in chemical reactivity of elements of a group; electronic configuration, oxidation states; anomalous properties of first element of each group.
• Group 13 elements: Boron; Properties and uses of borax, boric acid, boron hydrides & halides. Reaction of aluminum with acids and alkalis;
• Group 14 elements: Carbon: carbon catenation, physical & chemical properties, uses, allotropes (graphite, diamond, fullerenes), oxides, halides and sulphides, carbides; Silicon: Silica, silicates, silicone, silicon tetrachloride, Zeolites, and their uses
• Group 15 elements: Dinitrogen; Preparation, reactivity and uses of nitrogen; Industrial and biological nitrogen fixation; Compound of nitrogen; Ammonia: Haber’s process, properties and reactions; Oxides of nitrogen and their structures; Properties and Ostwald’s process of nitric acid production; Fertilizers – NPK type; Production of phosphorus; Allotropes of phosphorus; Preparation, structure and properties of hydrides, oxides, oxoacids (elementary idea only) and halides of phosphorus, phosphine.
• Group 16 elements: Isolation and chemical reactivity of dioxygen; Acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides; Preparation, structure and properties of ozone; Allotropes of sulphur; Preparation/production properties and uses of sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid; Structure and properties of oxides, oxoacids (structures only).
• Group 17 and group 18 elements: Structure and properties of hydrides, oxides, oxoacids of halogens (structures only); preparation, properties & uses of chlorine & HCl; Inter halogen compounds; Bleaching Powder; Uses of Group 18 elements, Preparation, structure and reactions of xenon fluorides, oxides, and oxoacids.
• d-Block elements: General trends in the chemistry of first row transition elements; Metallic character; Oxidation state; ionization enthalpy; Ionic radii; Color; Catalytic properties; Magnetic properties; Interstitial compounds; Occurrence and extraction of iron, copper, silver, zinc, and mercury; Alloy formation; Steel and some important alloys; preparation and properties of K₂Cr₂O₇, KMnO₄.
• f-Block elements: Lanthanoids and actinoids; Oxidation states and chemical reactivity of lanthanoids compounds; Lanthanide contraction and its consequences, Comparison of actinoids and lanthanoids.
• Coordination Compounds: Coordination number; Ligands; Werner’s coordination theory; IUPAC nomenclature; Application and importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems e.g. chlorophyll, vitamin B₁₂, and hemoglobin); Bonding: Valence-bond approach, Crystal field theory (qualitative); Isomerism including stereoisomerisms.

10. Principles of Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons

• Classification: General Introduction, classification based on functional groups, trivial and IUPAC nomenclature. Methods of purification: qualitative and quantitative,
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive, resonance effects, and hyperconjugation; free radicals; carbocations, carbanions, nucleophiles and electrophiles; types of organic reactions, free radial halogenations.
• Alkanes: Structural isomerism, general properties and chemical reactions, free redical helogenation, combustion and pyrolysis.
• Alkenes and alkynes: General methods of preparation and reactions, physical properties, electrophilic and free radical additions, acidic character of alkynes and (1,2 and 1,4) addition to dienes.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons: Sources; properties; isomerism; resonance delocalization; aromaticity; polynuclear hydrocarbons; IUPAC nomenclature; mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction, directive influence and effect of substituents on reactivity; carcinogenicity and toxicity.
• Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Physical properties, nomenclature, optical rotation, chemical reactions and mechanism of substitution reaction. Uses and environmental effects; di, tri, tetrachloromethanes, iodoform, freon and DDT.

11. Stereochemistry

• Conformations: Ethane conformations; Newman and Sawhorse projections.
• Geometrical isomerism in alkenes

12. Organic Compounds with Functional Groups Containing Oxygen and Nitrogen

• General: Nomenclature, electronic structure, important methods of preparation, identification, important reactions, physical and chemical properties, uses of alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, nitro compounds, amines, diazonium salts, cyanides and isocyanides.
• Specific: Reactivity of -hydrogen in carbonyl compounds, effect of substituents on alpha-carbon on acid strength, comparative reactivity of acid derivatives, mechanism of nucleophilic addition and dehydration, basic character of amines, methods of preparation, and their separation, importance of diazonium salts in synthetic organic chemistry.

13. Biological , Industrial and Environmental chemistry

• Carbohydrates: Classification; Monosaccharides; Structures of pentoses and hexoses; Simple chemical reactions of glucose, Disaccharides: reducing and non-reducing sugars – sucrose, maltose and lactose; Polysaccharides: elementary idea of structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen.
• Proteins: Amino acids; Peptide bond; Polypeptides; Primary structure of proteins; Simple idea of secondary , tertiary and quarternary structures of proteins; Denaturation of proteins and enzymes.
• Nucleic Acids: Types of nucleic acids; Primary building blocks of nucleic acids (chemical composition of DNA & RNA); Primary structure of DNA and its double helix; Replication; Transcription and protein synthesis; Genetic code.
• Vitamins: Classification, structure, functions in biosystems; Hormones
• Polymers: Classification of polymers; General methods of polymerization; Molecular mass of polymers; Biopolymers and biodegradable polymers; methods of polymerization (free radical, cationic and anionic addition polymerizations); Copolymerization: Natural rubber; Vulcanization of rubber; Synthetic rubbers. Condensation polymers.
• Pollution: Environmental pollutants; soil, water and air pollution; Chemical reactions in atmosphere; Smog; Major atmospheric pollutants; Acid rain; Ozone and its reactions; Depletion of ozone layer and its effects; Industrial air pollution; Green house effect and global warming; Green Chemistry, study for control of environmental pollution.
• Chemicals in medicine, health-care and food: Analgesics, Tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, anti-microbials, anti-fertility drugs, antihistamines, antibiotics, antacids; Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, antioxidants, soaps and detergents.

14. Theoretical Principles of Experimental Chemistry

• Volumetric Analysis: Principles; Standard solutions of sodium carbonate and oxalic acid; Acid- base titrations; Redox reactions involving KI, H₂SO₄, Na₂SO₃, Na₂S₂O₃ and H₂S; Potassium permanganate in acidic, basic and neutral media; Titrations of oxalic acid, ferrous ammonium sulphate with KMnO₄, K₂ Cr₂O₇/Na₂S₂O₃, Cu(II)/Na₂S₂O₃.
• Qualitative analysis of Inorganic Salts: Principles in the determination of the cations Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺ , As³⁺, Mn²⁺, Al³⁺, Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH⁴⁺, Fe³⁺, Ni²⁺ and the anions CO₃ ^2-, S^2- , SO₄^2-, SO₃^2-, NO^2-, NO^3-, Cl^–, Br^–, I^–, PO₄^3-, CH₃COO^–, C₂O₄^2-.
• Physical Chemistry Experiments: preparation and crystallization of alum, copper sulphate. Benzoic acid ferrous sulphate, double salt of alum and ferrous sulphate, potassium ferric sulphate; Temperature vs. solubility; Study of pH charges by common ion effect in case of weak acids and weak bases; pH measurements of some solutions obtained from fruit juices, solutions of known and varied concentrations of acids, bases and salts using pH paper or universal indicator; Lyophilic and lyophobic sols; Dialysis; Role of emulsifying agents in emulsification. Equilibrium studies involving ferric and thiocyanate ions (ii) [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺ and chloride ions; Enthalpy determination for strong acid vs. strong base neutralization reaction (ii) hydrogen bonding interaction between acetone and chloroform; Rates of the reaction between (i) sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid, (ii) potassium iodate and sodium sulphite (iii) iodide vs. hydrogen peroxide, concentration and temperature effects in these reactions.
• Purification Methods: Filtration, crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography. Principles of melting point and boiling point determination; principles of paper chromatographic separation – Rf values.
• Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds: Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorous and halogens; Detection of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in foodstuff; Detection of alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic, amino groups and unsaturation.
• Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds: Basic principles for the quantitative estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogen, sulphur and phosphorous; Molecular mass determination by silver salt and chloroplatinate salt methods; Calculations of empirical and molecular formulae.
• Principles of Organic Chemistry Experiments: Preparation of iodoform, acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, di-benzayl acetone, aniline yellow, beta-naphthol; Preparation of acetylene and study of its acidic character.
• Basic Laboratory Technique: Cutting glass tube and glass rod, bending a glass tube, drawing out a glass jet, boring of cork.

Part III: (a) English Proficiency and (b) Logical Reasoning

(a) English Proficiency

This test is designed to assess the test takers’ general proficiency in the use of English language as a means of self-expression in real life situations and specifically to test the test takers’ knowledge of basic grammar, their vocabulary, their ability to read fast and comprehend, and also their ability to apply the elements of effective writing.

1. Grammar

• Agreement, Time and Tense, Parallel construction, Relative pronouns
• Determiners, Prepositions, Modals, Adjectives
• Voice, Transformation
• Question tags, Phrasal verbs

2. Vocabulary

• Synonyms, Antonyms, Odd Word, One Word, Jumbled letters, Homophones, Spelling, Contextual meaning.
• Analogy

3. Reading Comprehension

• Content/ideas
• Vocabulary
• Referents
• Idioms/Phrases
• Reconstruction (rewording)

4. Composition

• Rearrangement
• Paragraph Unity
• Linkers/Connectives

(b) Logical Reasoning

The test is given to the candidates to judge their power of reasoning spread in verbal and nonverbal areas. The candidates should be able to think logically so that they perceive the data accurately, understand the relationships correctly, figure out the missing numbers or words, and to apply rules to new and different contexts. These indicators are measured through performance on such tasks as detecting missing links, following directions, classifying words, establishing sequences, and completing analogies.

5. Verbal Reasoning

• Analogy

Analogy means correspondence. In the questions based on analogy, a particular

relationship is given and another similar relationship has to be identified from the

alternatives provided.

• Classification

Classification means to assort the items of a given group on the basis of certain common quality they possess and then spot the odd option out.

• Series Completion

Here series of numbers or letters are given and one is asked to either complete the series or find out the wrong part in the series.

• Logical Deduction – Reading Passage

Here a brief passage is given and based on the passage the candidate is required to identify the correct or incorrect logical conclusions.

• Chart Logic

Here a chart or a table is given that is partially filled in and asks to complete it in

accordance with the information given either in the chart / table or in the question.

6. Nonverbal Reasoning

• Pattern Perception

Here a certain pattern is given and generally a quarter is left blank. The candidate is

required to identify the correct quarter from the given four alternatives.

• Figure Formation and Analysis

The candidate is required to analyze and form a figure from various given parts.

• Paper Cutting

It involves the analysis of a pattern that is formed when a folded piece of paper is cut into a definite design.

• Figure Matrix
• In this more than one set of figures is given in the form of a matrix, all of them following the same rule. The candidate is required to follow the rule and identify the missing figure.
• Rule Detection
• Here a particular rule is given and it is required to select from the given sets of figures, a set of figures, which obeys the rule and forms the correct series.

Part IV: Mathematics

1. Algebra

• Complex numbers, addition, multiplication, conjugation, polar representation, properties of modulus and principal argument, triangle inequality, roots of complex numbers, geometric interpretations; Fundamental theorem of algebra.
• Theory of Quadratic equations, quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions.
• Arithmetic and geometric progressions, arithmetic, geometric and arithmetico- geometric series, sums of finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric series, sums of squares and cubes of the first n natural numbers.
• Logarithms and their properties.
• Exponential series.
• Permutations and combinations, Permutations as an arrangement and combination as selection, simple applications.
• Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, properties of binomial coefficients, Pascal’s triangle
• Matrices and determinants of order two or three, properties and evaluation of determinants, addition and multiplication of matrices, adjoint and inverse of matrices, Solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables, elementary row and column operations of matrices, Types of matrices, applications of determinants in finding the area of triangles.
• Sets, Relations and Functions, algebra of sets applications, equivalence relations, mappings, one-one, into and onto mappings, composition of mappings, binary operation, inverse of function, functions of real variables like polynomial, modulus, signum and greatest integer.
• Mathematical reasoning and methods of proofs , Mathematically acceptable statements. Connecting words/phrases – consolidating the understanding of “if and only if (necessary and sufficient) condition”, “implies”, “and/or”, “implied” by”, “and”, “or”, “there exists” and through variety of examples related to real life and Mathematics. Validating the statements involving the connecting words – difference between contradiction, converse and contra positive., Mathematical induction
• Linear Inequalities, solution of linear inequalities in one variable ( Algebraic) and two variables (Graphical).

2. Trigonometry

• 2.1 Measurement of angles in radians and degrees, positive and negative angles, trigonometric ratios, functions with their graphs and identities.
• 2.2 Solution of trigonometric equations.
• 2.3 Inverse trigonometric functions

3. Two-dimensional Coordinate Geometry

• Cartesian coordinates, distance between two points, section formulae, shift of origin.
• Straight lines and pair of straight lines: Equation of straight lines in various forms, angle between two lines, distance of a point from a line, lines through the point of intersection of two given lines, equation of the bisector of the angle between two lines, concurrent lines.
• Circles: Equation of circle in standard form, parametric equations of a circle.
• Conic sections : parabola, ellipse and hyperbola their eccentricity, directrices & foci.

4. Three dimensional Coordinate Geometry

• Co-ordinate axes and co-ordinate planes, distance between two points, section formula, direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space and skew lines.
• Angle between two lines whose direction ratios are given, shortest distance between two lines.
• Equation of a plane, distance of a point from a plane, condition for coplanarity of three lines, angles between two planes, angle between a line and a plane.

5. Differential calculus

• Domain and range of a real valued function, Limits and Continuity of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, Differentiability.
• Derivative of different types of functions (polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, implicit functions), derivative of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, chain rule, parametric form.
• Geometric interpretation of derivative, Tangents and Normals.
• Increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of a function.
• Rolle’s Theorem, Mean Value Theorem and Intermediate Value Theorem.

6. Integral calculus

• Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard functions.
• Methods of integration: Integration by substitution, Integration by parts, integration by partial fractions, and integration by trigonometric identities.
• Definite integrals and their properties, Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus, applications in finding areas under simple curves.
• Application of definite integrals to the determination of areas of regions bounded by simple curves.

7. Ordinary Differential Equations

• Order and degree of a differential equation, formulation of a differential equation whole general solution is given, variables separable method.
• Solution of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree
• Linear first order differential equations

8. Probability

• Various terminology in probability, axiomatic and other approaches of probability, addition and multiplication rules of probability.
• Conditional probability, total probability and Baye’s theorem
• Independent events
• Discrete random variables and distributions with mean and variance.

9. Vectors

• Direction ratio/cosines of vectors, addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio.
• Dot and cross products of two vectors, projection of a vector on a line.
• Scalar triple products and their geometrical interpretations.

10. Statistics

• Measures of dispersion
• Analysis of frequency distributions with equal means but different variances

11. Linear Programming

• Various terminology and formulation of linear Programming
• Solution of linear Programming using graphical method, feasible and infeasible regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (upto three non-itrivial constraints)

12. Mathematical modelling

• Formulation of simple real life problem, solution using matrices, calculus and linear programming.

Part IV: Biology

1: Diversity in Living World

• Biology – its meaning and relevance to mankind
• What is living; Taxonomic categories and aids; Systematics and Binomial system of nomenclature.
• Introductory classification of living organisms (Two-kingdom system, Five-kingdom system);
• Plant kingdom – Salient features of major groups (Algae to Angiosperms);
• Animal kingdom – Salient features of Non-chordates up to phylum, and Chordates up to class level.

2: Cell: The Unit of Life; Structure and Function

• Cell wall; Cell membrane; Endomembrane system (ER, Golgi apparatus/Dictyosome, Lysosomes, Vacuoles); Mitochondria; Plastids; Ribosomes; Cytoskeleton; Cilia and Flagella; Centrosome and Centriole; Nucleus; Microbodies.
• Structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic, and between plant and animal cells.
• Cell cycle (various phases); Mitosis; Meiosis.
• Biomolecules – Structure and function of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids.
• Enzymes – Chemical nature, types, properties and mechanism of action.

3: Genetics and Evolution

• Mendelian inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Gene interaction; Incomplete dominance; Co-dominance; Complementary genes; Multiple alleles;
• Linkage and Crossing over; Inheritance patterns of hemophilia and blood groups in humans.
• DNA –its organization and replication; Transcription and Translation;
• Gene expression and regulation; DNA fingerprinting.
• Theories and evidences of evolution, including modern Darwinism.

4: Structure and Function – Plants

• Morphology of a flowering plant; Tissues and tissue systems in plants; Anatomy and function of root, stem (including modifications), leaf, inflorescence, flower (including position and arrangement of different whorls, placentation), fruit and seed; Types of fruit; Secondary growth;
• Absorption and movement of water (including diffusion, osmosis and water relations of cell) and of nutrients; Translocation of food; Transpiration and gaseous exchange; Mechanism of stomatal movement.
• Mineral nutrition – Macro- and micro-nutrients in plants including deficiency disorders; Biological nitrogen fixation mechanism.
• Photosynthesis – Light reaction, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; various pathways of carbon dioxide fixation; Photorespiration; Limiting factors.
• Respiration – Anaerobic, Fermentation, Aerobic; Glycolysis, TCA cycle; Electron transport system; Energy relations.

5: Structure and Function – Animals

• Human Physiology – Digestive system – organs, digestion and absorption; Respiratory system – organs, breathing and exchange and transport of gases.
• Body fluids and circulation – Blood, lymph, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity; Hypertension, Coronary artery diseases.
• Excretion system – Urine formation, regulation of kidney function
• Locomotion and movement – Skeletal system, joints, muscles, types of movement.
• Control and co-ordination – Central and peripheral nervous systems, structure and function of neuron, reflex action and sensory reception; Role of various types of endocrine glands; Mechanism of hormone action.

6: Reproduction, Growth and Movement in Plants

• Asexual methods of reproduction;
• Sexual Reproduction – Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination (Types and agents); Fertilization; Development of embryo, endosperm, seed and fruit (including parthenocarpy and elminth).
• Growth and Movement – Growth phases; Types of growth regulators and their role in seed dormancy, germination and movement;
• Apical dominance; Senescence; Abscission; Photo- periodism; Vernalisation;
• Various types of movements.

7: Reproduction and Development in Humans

• Male and female reproductive systems;
• Menstrual cycle; Gamete production; Fertilisation; Implantation;
• Embryo development;
• Pregnancy and parturition;
• Birth control and contraception.

8: Ecology and Environment

• Meaning of ecology, environment, habitat and niche.
• Ecological levels of organization (organism to biosphere); Characteristics of Species, Population, Biotic Community and Ecosystem; Succession and Climax. Ecosystem – Biotic and abiotic components; Ecological pyramids; Food chain and Food web;
• Energy flow; Major types of ecosystems including agroecosystem.
• Ecological adaptations – Structural and physiological features in plants and animals of aquatic and desert habitats.
• Biodiversity and Environmental Issues – Meaning, types and conservation strategies (Biosphere reserves, National parks and Sanctuaries), Air and Water Pollution (sources and major pollutants); Global warming and Climate change; Ozone depletion; Noise pollution; Radioactive pollution; Methods of pollution control (including an idea of bioremediation); Deforestation; Extinction of species (Hot Spots).

9: Biology and Human Welfare

• Animal husbandry – Livestock, Poultry, Fisheries; Major animal diseases and their control. Pathogens of major communicable diseases of humans caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans and elminthes, and their control.
• Cancer; AIDS.
• Adolescence and drug/alcohol abuse;
• Basic concepts of immunology.
• Plant Breeding and Tissue Culture in crop improvement.

10: Biotechnology and its Applications

• Microbes as ideal system for biotechnology;
• Microbial technology in food processing, industrial production (alcohol, acids, enzymes, antibiotics), sewage treatment and energy generation.
• Steps in recombinant DNA technology – restriction enzymes, NA insertion by vectors and other methods, regeneration of recombinants
• Applications of R-DNA technology in human health –Production of Insulin, Vaccines and Growth hormones, Organ transplant, Gene therapy.
• Applications in Industry and Agriculture – Production of expensive enzymes, strain improvement tom scale up bioprocesses, GM crops by transfer of genes for nitrogen fixation, herbicide-resistance and pest-resistance including Bt crops.

JOINT ENTRANCE EXAMINATION

Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) is an engineering entrance examination conducted for admission to various engineering colleges in India. It is constituted by two different examinations – JEE Main and JEE Advanced. The exams are of the objective pattern. JEE Advanced is regarded internationally as one of the most challenging undergraduate admission tests.

The Joint Seat Allocation Authority (JoSAA) conducts the joint admission process for a total of 23 Indian Institute of Technology campuses, 32 National Institute of Technology campuses, 18 Indian Institute of Information Technology campuses, Indian School of Mines and 19 other Government Funded Technical Institutes (GFTIs) based on the rank obtained by a student in JEE Mains and JEE Advanced.

JEE ADVANCED EXAM PATTERN:

Normally, the questions asked in the JEE Advanced paper are quite tough and quite tricky. The exam is further designed to judge not just theoretical knowledge but also reasoning ability, comprehension skills and analytical power of the students. Therefore, it is important to get familiar with the exam and the question paper early on.

The exam is held in an online mode (computer-based test) where students need to have a basic knowledge about the working of a computer and the mouse. Candidates have to use the mouse to click on the right option as the answer.

As mentioned above, the exam consists of two papers viz. paper 1 and paper 2. JEE Advanced Paper 1 and Paper 2 further constitute a total of 54 questions each. The paper is also divided into three sections: Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, each having 18 questions. In total, the exam is of 306 mark where each paper carries a total of 183 marks. The duration of each paper is 3 hours and is conducted in either Hindi or English medium. During the exam day, paper 1 usually begins at 09:00 am and goes on till 12:00 pm. Paper 2  starts from 2:00 pm to 05:00 pm.

JEE Advanced Paper 1 pattern (Same for Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics)

JEE Advanced Paper 2 pattern (Same for Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics)

:SYLLABUS OF EXAMINATION:

JEE ADVANCED PHYSICS SYLLABUS:

General 

Units and dimensions, dimensional analysis; least count, significant figures; Methods of  measurement and error analysis for physical quantities pertaining to the following experiments: Experiments based on using Vernier calipers and screw gauge  (micrometer), Determination of g using simple pendulum, Young’s modulus by Searle’s  method, Specific heat of a liquid using calorimeter, focal length of a concave mirror and  a convex lens using u–v method, Speed of sound using resonance column, Verification of  Ohm’s law using voltmeter and ammeter, and specific resistance of the material of a wire  using meter bridge and post office box. 

Mechanics 

Kinematics in one and two dimensions (Cartesian coordinates only), projectiles; Uniform  circular motion; Relative velocity. Newton’s laws of motion; Inertial and uniformly accelerated frames of reference; Static  and dynamic friction; Kinetic and potential energy; Work and power; Conservation of linear momentum and mechanical energy.  Systems of particles; Centre of mass and its motion; Impulse; Elastic and inelastic  collisions.  

Law of gravitation; Gravitational potential and field; Acceleration due to gravity; Motion  of planets and satellites in circular orbits; Escape velocity. Rigid body, moment of inertia, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, moment of  inertia of uniform bodies with simple geometrical shapes; Angular momentum; Torque; Conservation of angular momentum; Dynamics of rigid bodies with fixed axis of rotation; Rolling without slipping of rings, cylinders and spheres; Equilibrium of rigid bodies;  Collision of point masses with rigid bodies. Linear and angular simple harmonic motions. 

Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus.  Pressure in a fluid; Pascal’s law; Buoyancy; Surface energy and surface tension, capillary  rise; Viscosity (Poiseuille’s equation excluded), Stoke’s law; Terminal velocity, Streamline flow, equation of continuity, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications.  Wave motion (plane waves only), longitudinal and transverse waves, superposition of waves; Progressive and stationary waves; Vibration of strings and air columns; Resonance; Beats; Speed of sound in gases; Doppler effect (in sound). 

Thermal physics 

Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases; Calorimetry, latent heat; Heat conduction  in one dimension; Elementary concepts of convection and radiation; Newton’s law of cooling; Ideal gas laws; Specific heats (Cv and Cp for monoatomic and diatomic gases); Isothermal and adiabatic processes, bulk modulus of gases; Equivalence of heat and  work; First law of thermodynamics and its applications (only for ideal gases); Blackbody radiation: absorptive and emissive powers; Kirchhoff’s law; Wien’s displacement law,  Stefan’s law. 

Electricity and magnetism 

Coulomb’s law; Electric field and potential; Electrical potential energy of a system of  point charges and of electrical dipoles in a uniform electrostatic field; Electric field lines;  Flux of electric field; Gauss’s law and its application in simple cases, such as, to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and  uniformly charged thin spherical shell. 

Capacitance; Parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectrics; Capacitors in series  and parallel; Energy stored in a capacitor. Electric current; Ohm’s law; Series and parallel arrangements of resistances and cells;  

Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications; Heating effect of current.  

Biot–Savart’s law and Ampere’s law; Magnetic field near a current-carrying straight  wire, along the axis of a circular coil and inside a long straight solenoid; Force on a  moving charge and on a current-carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic moment of a current loop; Effect of a uniform magnetic field on a current loop; 

Moving coil galvanometer, voltmeter, ammeter and their conversions. 

Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law; Self and mutual inductance; RC,  LR and LC circuits with d.c. and a.c. sources. 

Optics 

Rectilinear propagation of light; Reflection and refraction at plane and spherical surfaces;  Total internal reflection; Deviation and dispersion of light by a prism; Thin lenses; Combinations of mirrors and thin lenses; Magnification. 

Wave nature of light: Huygen’s principle, interference limited to Young’s double-slit  experiment. 

Modern physics 

Atomic nucleus; α, β and γ radiations; Law of radioactive decay; Decay constant; Half-  life and mean life; Binding energy and its calculation; Fission and fusion processes; 

Energy calculation in these processes.  Photoelectric effect; Bohr’s theory of hydrogen-like atoms; Characteristic and continuous X-rays, Moseley’s law; de Broglie wavelength of matter waves.

JEE ADVANCED CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS

Physical chemistry 

General topics 

Concept of atoms and molecules; Dalton’s atomic theory; Mole concept; Chemical  formulae; Balanced chemical equations; Calculations (based on mole concept) involving  common oxidation-reduction, neutralisation, and displacement reactions; Concentration in terms of mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality. 

Gaseous and liquid states 

Absolute scale of temperature, ideal gas equation; Deviation from ideality, van der Waals equation; Kinetic theory of gases, average, root mean square and most probable velocities and their relation with temperature; Law of partial pressures; Vapour pressure; Diffusion of gases. 

Atomic structure and chemical bonding 

Bohr model, spectrum of hydrogen atom, quantum numbers; Wave-particle duality, de Broglie hypothesis; Uncertainty principle; Qualitative quantum mechanical picture of hydrogen atom, shapes of s, p and d orbitals; Electronic configurations of elements (up to atomic number 36); Aufbau principle; Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule; Orbital overlap and covalent bond; Hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals only; Orbital energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species; Hydrogen bond; Polarity in molecules, dipole moment (qualitative aspects only); VSEPR model and shapes of molecules (linear, angular, triangular, square planar, pyramidal, square pyramidal, trigonal bipyramidal, tetrahedral and octahedral). 

Energetics 

First law of thermodynamics; Internal energy, work and heat, pressure-volume work; Enthalpy, Hess’s law; Heat of reaction, fusion and evaporation; Second law of thermodynamics; Entropy; Free energy; Criterion of spontaneity. 

Chemical equilibrium 

Law of mass action; Equilibrium constant, Le Chatelier’s principle (effect of concentration, temperature and pressure); Significance of ΔG and ΔG0 in chemical equilibrium; Solubility product, common ion effect, pH and buffer solutions; Acids and bases (Bronsted and Lewis concepts); Hydrolysis of salts. 

Electrochemistry 

Electrochemical cells and cell reactions; Standard electrode potentials; Nernst equation and its relation to ΔG; Electrochemical series, emf of galvanic cells; Faraday’s laws of electrolysis; Electrolytic conductance, specific, equivalent and molar conductivity, Kohlrausch’s law; Concentration cells. 

Chemical kinetics 

Rates of chemical reactions; Order of reactions; Rate constant; First order reactions; Temperature dependence of rate constant (Arrhenius equation). 

Solid state 

Classification of solids, crystalline state, seven crystal systems (cell parameters a, b, c, α, β, γ), close packed structure of solids (cubic), packing in fcc, bcc and hcp lattices; Nearest neighbours, ionic radii, simple ionic compounds, point defects. 

Solutions 

Raoult’s law; Molecular weight determination from lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point. 

Surface chemistry 

Elementary concepts of adsorption (excluding adsorption isotherms); Colloids: types, methods of preparation and general properties; Elementary ideas of emulsions, surfactants and micelles (only definitions and examples). 

Nuclear chemistry 

Radioactivity: isotopes and isobars; Properties of α, β and γ rays; Kinetics of radioactive decay (decay series excluded), carbon dating; Stability of nuclei with respect to proton- neutron ratio; Brief discussion on fission and fusion reactions. 

Inorganic chemistry 

Isolation/preparation and properties of the following non-metals 

Boron, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulphur and halogens; Properties of allotropes of carbon (only diamond and graphite), phosphorus and sulphur. 

Preparation and properties of the following compounds 

Oxides, peroxides, hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium; Boron: diborane, boric acid and borax; Aluminium: alumina, aluminium chloride and alums; Carbon: oxides and oxyacid (carbonic acid); Silicon: silicones, silicates and silicon carbide; Nitrogen: oxides, 

oxyacids and ammonia; Phosphorus: oxides, oxyacids (phosphorus acid, phosphoric acid) and phosphine; Oxygen: ozone and hydrogen peroxide; Sulphur: hydrogen sulphide, oxides, sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid and sodium thiosulphate; Halogens: hydrohalic acids, oxides and oxyacids of chlorine, bleaching powder; Xenon fluorides. 

Transition elements (3^rd series) 

Definition, general characteristics, oxidation states and their stabilities, colour (excluding the details of electronic transitions) and calculation of spin-only magnetic moment; Coordination compounds: nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, cis-trans and ionisation isomerisms, hybridization and geometries of mononuclear coordination compounds (linear, tetrahedral, square planar and octahedral). 

Preparation and properties of the following compounds 

Oxides and chlorides of tin and lead; Oxides, chlorides and sulphates of Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺; Potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, silver oxide, silver nitrate, silver thiosulphate. 

Ores and minerals 

Commonly occurring ores and minerals of iron, copper, tin, lead, magnesium, aluminium, zinc and silver. 

Extractive metallurgy 

Chemical principles and reactions only (industrial details excluded); Carbon reduction method (iron and tin); Self reduction method (copper and lead); Electrolytic reduction method (magnesium and aluminium); Cyanide process (silver and gold). 

Principles of qualitative analysis 

Groups I to V (only Ag⁺, Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Bi³⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺, Al³⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Mg²⁺); Nitrate, halides (excluding fluoride), sulphate and sulphide. 

Organic chemistry 

Concepts 

Hybridisation of carbon; σ and π-bonds; Shapes of simple organic molecules; Structural and geometrical isomerism; Optical isomerism of compounds containing up to two asymmetric centres, (R,S and E,Z nomenclature excluded); IUPAC nomenclature of simple organic compounds (only hydrocarbons, mono-functional and bi-functional compounds); Conformations of ethane and butane (Newman projections); Resonance and hyperconjugation; Keto-enol tautomerism; Determination of empirical and molecular formulae of simple compounds (only combustion method); Hydrogen bonds: definition and their effects on physical properties of alcohols and carboxylic acids; Inductive and resonance effects on acidity and basicity of organic acids and bases; Polarity and inductive effects in alkyl halides; Reactive intermediates produced during homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage; Formation, structure and stability of carbocations, carbanions and free radicals. 

Preparation, properties and reactions of alkanes 

Homologous series, physical properties of alkanes (melting points, boiling points and density); Combustion and halogenation of alkanes; Preparation of alkanes by Wurtz reaction and decarboxylation reactions. 

Preparation, properties and reactions of alkenes and alkynes 

Physical properties of alkenes and alkynes (boiling points, density and dipole moments); Acidity of alkynes; Acid catalysed hydration of alkenes and alkynes (excluding the stereochemistry of addition and elimination); Reactions of alkenes with KMnO4 and ozone; Reduction of alkenes and alkynes; Preparation of alkenes and alkynes by elimination reactions; Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes with X₂, HX, HOX and H₂O (X=halogen); Additional reactions of alkynes; Metal acetylides. 

Reactions of benzene 

Structure and aromaticity; Electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation; Effect of o-, m– and p-directing groups in monosubstituted benzenes. 

Phenols 

Acidity, electrophilic substitution reactions (halogenation, nitration and sulphonation); Reimer-Tieman reaction, Kolbe reaction. 

Characteristic reactions of the following (including those mentioned above) 

Alkyl halides: rearrangement reactions of alkyl carbocation, Grignard reactions, nucleophilic substitution reactions; Alcohols: esterification, dehydration and oxidation, reaction with sodium, phosphorus halides, ZnCl₂/concentrated HCl, conversion of alcohols into aldehydes and ketones; Ethers: Preparation by Williamson’s Synthesis; Aldehydes and Ketones: oxidation, reduction, oxime and hydrazone formation; aldol condensation, Perkin reaction; Cannizzaro reaction; haloform reaction and nucleophilic addition reactions (Grignard addition); Carboxylic acids: formation of esters, acid chlorides and amides, ester hydrolysis; Amines: basicity of substituted anilines and aliphatic amines, preparation from nitro compounds, reaction with nitrous acid, azo coupling reaction of diazonium salts of aromatic amines, Sandmeyer and related reactions of diazonium salts; carbylamine reaction; Haloarenes: nucleophilic aromatic substitution  in haloarenes and substituted haloarenes (excluding Benzyne mechanism and Cine substitution). 

Carbohydrates 

Classification; mono- and di-saccharides (glucose and sucrose); Oxidation, reduction, glycoside formation and hydrolysis of sucrose. 

Amino acids and peptides 

General structure (only primary structure for peptides) and physical properties. 

Properties and uses of some important polymers 

Natural rubber, cellulose, nylon, teflon and PVC. 

Practical organic chemistry 

Detection of elements (N, S, halogens); Detection and identification of the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl, amino and nitro; Chemical methods of separation of mono-functional organic compounds from binary mixtures.

JEE ADVANCED MATHS SYLLABUS

Algebra 

Algebra of complex numbers, addition, multiplication, conjugation, polar representation,  properties of modulus and principal argument, triangle inequality, cube roots of unity, geometric interpretations. 

Quadratic equations with real coefficients, relations between roots and coefficients,  formation of quadratic equations with given roots, symmetric functions of roots.  

Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions, arithmetic, geometric and harmonic  means, sums of finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric series,  sums of squares and cubes of the first n natural numbers. 

Logarithms and their properties. 

Permutations and combinations, binomial theorem for a positive integral index, properties of binomial coefficients. 

Matrices 

Matrices as a rectangular array of real numbers, equality of matrices, addition,  multiplication by a scalar and product of matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinant of  a square matrix of order up to three, inverse of a square matrix of order up to three, properties of these matrix operations, diagonal, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices  and their properties, solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables. 

Probability 

Addition and multiplication rules of probability, conditional probability, Bayes Theorem,  independence of events, computation of probability of events using permutations and combinations. 

Trigonometry 

Trigonometric functions, their periodicity and graphs, addition and subtraction formulae,  formulae involving multiple and sub-multiple angles, general solution of trigonometric equations. 

Relations between sides and angles of a triangle, sine rule, cosine rule, half-angle formula  and the area of a triangle, inverse trigonometric functions (principal value only).  

Analytical geometry 

Two dimensions: Cartesian coordinates, distance between two points, section formulae,  shift of origin. 

Equation of a straight line in various forms, angle between two lines, distance of a point  from a line; Lines through the point of intersection of two given lines, equation of the bisector of the angle between two lines, concurrency of lines; Centroid, orthocentre,  incentre and circumcentre of a triangle. 

Equation of a circle in various forms, equations of tangent, normal and chord.  Parametric equations of a circle, intersection of a circle with a straight line or a circle,  equation of a circle through the points of intersection of two circles and those of a circle and a straight line. 

Equations of a parabola, ellipse and hyperbola in standard form, their foci, directrices and  eccentricity, parametric equations, equations of tangent and normal.  

Locus problems.  Three dimensions: Direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in  space, equation of a plane, distance of a point from a plane. 

Differential calculus 

Real valued functions of a real variable, into, onto and one-to-one functions, sum,  difference, product and quotient of two functions, composite functions, absolute value,  polynomial, rational, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Limit and continuity of a function, limit and continuity of the sum, difference, product  and quotient of two functions, L’Hospital rule of evaluation of limits of functions. Even and odd functions, inverse of a function, continuity of composite functions,  intermediate value property of continuous functions.  

Derivative of a function, derivative of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two  functions, chain rule, derivatives of polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. 

Derivatives of implicit functions, derivatives up to order two, geometrical interpretation  of the derivative, tangents and normals, increasing and decreasing functions, maximum and minimum values of a function, Rolle’s theorem and Lagrange’s mean value theorem. 

Integral calculus 

Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard  functions, definite integrals and their properties, fundamental theorem of integral calculus. 

Integration by parts, integration by the methods of substitution and partial fractions,  application of definite integrals to the determination of areas involving simple curves. Formation of ordinary differential equations, solution of homogeneous differential  equations, separation of variables method, linear first order differential equations.  

Vectors 

Addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, dot and cross products, scalar triple products  and their geometrical interpretations.

JEE ADVANCED ARCHITECTURE APTITUDE TEST SYLLABUS

Freehand drawing 

This would comprise of simple drawing depicting the total object in its right form and proportion, surface texture, relative location and details of its component parts in appropriate scale. Common domestic or day-to-day life usable objects like furniture, equipment, etc., from memory. 

Geometrical drawing 

Exercises in geometrical drawing containing lines, angles, triangles, quadrilaterals, polygons, circles, etc. Study of plan (top view), elevation (front or side views) of simple solid objects like prisms, cones, cylinders, cubes, splayed surface holders, etc. 

Three-dimensional perception 

Understanding and appreciation of three-dimensional forms with building elements, colour, volume and orientation. Visualization through structuring objects in memory. 

Imagination and aesthetic sensitivity 

Composition exercise with given elements. Context mapping. Creativity check through innovative uncommon test with familiar objects. Sense of colour grouping or application. 

Architectural awareness 

General interest and awareness of famous architectural creations – both national and international, places and personalities (architects, designers, etc.) in the related domain.

JOINT ENTRANCE EXAMINATION

Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) is an engineering entrance examination conducted for admission to various engineering colleges in India. It is constituted by two different examinations – JEE Main and JEE Advanced. The exams are of the objective pattern. JEE Advanced is regarded internationally as one of the most challenging undergraduate admission tests.

The Joint Seat Allocation Authority (JoSAA) conducts the joint admission process for a total of 23 Indian Institute of Technology campuses, 32 National Institute of Technology campuses, 18 Indian Institute of Information Technology campuses, Indian School of Mines and 19 other Government Funded Technical Institutes (GFTIs) based on the rank obtained by a student in JEE Mains and JEE Advanced.

JEE MAIN EXAM PATTERN 2021:

JEE Main mainly consists of two papers and is usually conducted in two sessions in the month of January and April and in two shifts – morning and evening. The general layout of the exam pattern for JEE Main is given below;

DISTRIBUTION OF QUESTIONS AND MARKS

Paper-I

Paper-II

Paper-III

:SYLLABUS OF EXAMINATION:

JEE MAIN PHYSICS SYLLABUS:

JEE MAIN CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS

JEE MAIN MATHS SYLLABUS

JEE Main Syllabus 2021 – Paper 2 (Aptitude Test B. Arch/ B.Planning)

SRM JOINT ENGINEERING ENTRANCE EXAMINATION

SYLLABUS AND EXAMINATION PLANNING (UG PROGRAMS)

SRMJEEE 2020 Exam will be an online test with Multiple Choice objective questions. The duration of the exam will be 2 hours 30 minutes and the question will be available in the English language. The exam will have questions from Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics/Biology, English and Aptitude subjects. Some of the important info related to the SRMJEEE 2020 Exam is mentioned below. Applicants who want to go for B.Tech course will have to attempt the mathematics section and there will be 40 questions in maths section with a total of 125 marks. For bio-medical program, there will be 35 questions from biology with a total weightage of 125 marks.

EXAMINATION PATTERN 2020:

The marking scheme and marks weightage for the SRMJEEE 2020 Exam is mentioned below:

• Examination Name: SRM University Joint Engineering Entrance Examination 2020.
• Mode of the Application: Online.
• Conducting Authority: SRM University.
• Duration: 2:30 hours.
• Subjects: Physics, Chemistry, Biology/ Mathematics, English and Aptitude.
• Type of Question: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs).
• Exam Category: Undergraduate.
• Level: All India Level
• Examination Mode: Online.
• Language: English.

:SYLLABUS OF EXAMINATION:

Students who are attempting the exams should have the cognizance of the syllabus of the exam. The topics those are imperative in all fours subjects from examination perspective are mentioned below:

PART 1 – PHYSICS 

Unit 1: Units and Measurement, Mechanics 

Units for measurement, system of units-S.I., fundamental and derived units, measurements – errors in measurement – significant figures, dimensions – dimensional analysis – applications. 

Laws of Motion: Newton’s laws of motion – force and inertia – impulse and momentum – law of conservation of linear momentum – applications – projectile motion-uniform circular motion – friction – laws of friction – applications – centripetal force. 

Work, Energy and Power: Work – energy- potential energy and kinetic energy – power – collision-elastic and inelastic collisions. 

Unit 2: Gravitation, Mechanics of Solids and Fluids 

Gravitation: The universal law of gravitation, acceleration due to gravity – variation of ‘g’ with altitude, latitude and depth – gravitation potential – escape velocity and orbital velocity – geostationary satellites – Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. 

Mechanics of solids and fluids: Solids – elastic behaviour, stress-strain – Hooke’s law – Modulus of elasticity – relation between them – surface tension capillarity – applications – viscosity – Poiseuille’s formula – Stokes law applications – streamline and turbulent flow – Reynolds number – Bernoulli’s theorem – applications. 

Unit 3: Electrostatics 

Electric charge – Conservation laws – Coulomb’s law-principle of superposition – continuous charge distribution – electric field – electric field lines – electric dipole -electric field due to a dipole – torque on a dipole in uniform electric field – Electric flux – Gauss’s theorem – field due to infinitely long straight wire – uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. 

Electric potential – potential difference – equipotential surfaces – electrical potential energy – Dielectrics and electric polarization – capacitors and capacitance – combination of capacitors in series and in parallel – capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium – energy stored in a capacitor 

Unit 4: Current Electricity 

Electric current – drift velocity – mobility – Ohm’s law -V-I characteristics – electrical energy and power – electrical resistivity and conductivity – Carbon resistors – series and parallel combinations of resistors – temperature dependence – Internal resistance of a cell – potential difference and emf of a cell – combination of cells in series and in parallel – Kirchhoff’s laws – applications – Wheatstone bridge – Metre bridge – Potentiometer – comparison of EMF of two cells – measurement of internal resistance of a cell. 

Unit 5: Magnetism and Magnetic effects of current 

Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements -magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole – torque on a magnetic dipole – tangent law, tangent galvanometer deflection magnetometer – magnetic properties of a material – dia, para and ferromagnetic materials – applications. Magnetic effects of electric current – BiotSavart’s law – force on a moving charge in an uniform magnetic field – moving coil galvanometer – conversion of a galvanometer into voltmeter and ammeter. 

Unit 6: Electromagnetic Induction, Alternating Currents andElectromagnetic Waves 

Electromagnetic induction – Faraday’s laws, induced EMF and current – Lenz’s Law – Eddy currents – Self and mutual induction – Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage – reactance and impedance – LC oscillations – LCR series circuit – resonance – power in AC circuits – power factor – wattless current – AC generator and transformer – Electromagnetic waves – characteristics – Electromagnetic spectrum . 

Unit 7: Optics 

Reflection of light – spherical mirrors – mirror formula – refraction of light -total internal reflection- optical fibers – refraction at spherical surfaces – lenses – thin lens formula – lensmaker’s formula – magnification – power of a lens – combination of thin lenses in contact – refraction of light through a prism – Scattering of light -Microscopes and astronomical telescopes . 

Wavefront and Huygens principle – reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface- laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle – Interference – Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width – diffraction due to a single slit -width of central maximum – polarization – plane polarised light – Brewster’s law. 

Unit 8: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter & Atomic Physics 

Dual nature of radiation – Photoelectric effect – Hertz and Lenard’s observations – Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.Matter waves-wave nature of particles – de-Broglie relation – Davisson-Germer experiment – Alpha-particle scattering experiment – Rutherford’s model of atom – Bohr model – hydrogen spectrum. 

Unit 9: Nuclear Physics 

Nuclear radius, mass, binding energy, density, isotopes, mass defect- Bainbridge mass spectrometer-nuclear forces neutron discovery – radioactivity-α, β and γ decay-half life – mean life-artificial radioactivity-radioisotopes-radiocarbon dating-radiation hazards. Nuclear fission- nuclear reactor-nuclear fusion-hydrogen bomb – cosmic rays-elementary particles. 

Unit 10: Electronic Devices 

Semiconductors-doping-types-PN junction diode – biasing-diode as a Rectifier – Special purpose PN junction diodes – LED – photodiode – solar cell and zener diode – characteristics – zener diode as a voltage regulator- transistors-transistor characteristics – amplifier – gain- feedback in amplifiers-logic gates-basic logic gates-NOT, OR, AND, NOR, NAND-universal gates-De Morgan’s theorems.

PART 2 – MATHEMATICS   

Unit 1: Sets, Relations and Functions 

Sets and their representations, union, intersection and complements of sets and their algebraic properties, relations, equivalence relations, mappings, one-one, into and onto mappings, composition of mappings. 

Unit 2: Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 

Complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane. Argand diagram. Algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument of a complex number, square root of a complex number. Cube roots of unity, triangle inequality. Quadratic equations in real and complex number systems and their solutions. Relation between roots and coefficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots; symmetric functions of roots, equations reducible to quadratic equations. 

Unit 3: Matrices, Determinants and their applications 

Determinants and matrices of order two and three, properties of determinants, evaluation of determinants. Addition and multiplication of matrices, adjoint and inverse of matrix. Computing the rank of a matrix–test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations using determinants and matrices. 

Unit 4: Combinatorics 

Permutations and Combinations :Fundamental principle of counting: permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection, meaning of P(n,r) and C(n,r). Simple applications, 

Mathematical Induction and its Applications :Stating and interpreting the principle of mathematical induction. Using it to prove formula and facts. 

Unit 5: Algebra 

Binomial theorem and its Applications :Binomial theorem for a positive integral index; general term and middle term; Binomial theorem for any index. Properties of binomial coefficients. Simple applications for approximations. Sequences and Series :Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions. Insertion of arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means between two given numbers. Relation between A.M., G.M. and H.M. arithmetic, geometric series, exponential and logarithmic series. 

Unit 6: Differential Calculus and its applications 

Polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions. Inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity, differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions, derivatives of order up to two. Applications of 

Applications of Differential Calculus : Rate of change of quantities, monotonic–increasing and decreasing functions, maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normals, Rolle’s and Lagrange’s mean value theorems. Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree. Formation of differential equations. Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables. Solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations and those of the type dy/dx + p(x)y=q(x) 

Unit 7: Integral Calculus and its applications 

Integral as an antiderivative. Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric identities. Integral as limit of a sum. Properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals; Determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves. 

Unit 8: Analytical Geometry 

Straight Lines in Two Dimensions : Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in plane, distance formula, area of a triangle, condition for the collinearity of three points and section formula, centroid and in-centre of a triangle, locus and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes. 

Circles in Two Dimensions: Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle in the parametric form, equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to the circle. 

Conic Sections in Two Dimensions: Sections of cones, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard form, condition for y = mx+c to be a tangent and point(s) of tangency. 

Unit 9 : Vector Algebra 

Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product. Application of vectors to plane geometry. 

Unit 10: Statistics and Probability distribution 

Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion:Calculation of mean, median and mode of grouped and ungrouped data. Calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data. Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability and their applications; Conditional probability; Bayes theorem, probability distribution of a random variable; binomial and Poisson distributions and their properties. 

Unit 11: Trigonometry 

Trigonometry ratios, compound angles, trigonometric equations, solution of triangles, Trigonometrically identities and equations-Inverse trigonometric functions and their properties. Properties of triangles, including, incentre, circumcentre and orthocenter, solution of triangles.

PART 3 – CHEMISTRY 

Unit 1: Solutions 

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Van’t Hoff factor. 

Unit 2: Electrochemistry 

Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion. 

Unit 3: Chemical Kinetics 

Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions), concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenius equation. 

Unit 4: Surface Chemistry 

Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis, homogenous and heterogenous activity and selectivity; enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension; lyophilic, lyophobic multi- molecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsion – types of emulsions. 

Unit 5: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 

Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction – electrolytic method and refining; 

Unit 6: p -Block Elements 

Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen: Preparation, Properties and uses, classification of Oxides, Ozone, Sulphur – allotropic forms; compounds of Sulphur: Preparation Properties and uses of Sulphur-dioxide, Sulphuric Acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses; Oxoacids of Sulphur (Structures only). Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens, Preparation, properties and uses of Chlorine and 

Hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, Oxoacids of halogens (structures only). Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses. 

Unit 7:‘d’ and ‘f’ Block Elements 

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences. 

Unit 8: Coordination Compounds 

Coordination compounds – Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner’s theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative inclusion, extraction of metals and biological system). 

Unit 9: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation. Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT. 

Unit 10: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol. 

Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols. 

Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses. 

Unit 11: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses. 

Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses. 

Unit 12: Organic compounds containing Nitrogen 

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. 

Cyanides and Isocyanides. 

Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry. 

Unit 13: Biomolecules 

Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates. 

Proteins -Elementary idea of – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. 

Vitamins – Classification and functions. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA. 

Unit 14: Polymers 

Copolymerization, some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon polyesters, bakelite, and rubber. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers. 

Unit 15: Chemistry in Everyday life 

Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines. Chemicals in food – preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants. Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

PART 4 – BIOLOGY 

Unit 1: Diversity in Living World 

Biodiversity, Importance of classifications, Taxonomy & Systematics, Concept of species and taxonomic hierarchy, Binomial nomenclature, Tools for study of Taxonomy. 

Five kingdom classification:Monera, Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids. Salient features of them. 

Classification of plants into major groups – Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm – salient and distinguishing features. Angiosperms – classification up to class, characteristic features and examples. 

Classification of animals– non chordate up to phyla level and chordate up to class’s level – salient and distinguishing features. 

Unit 2: Structural Organization in Animals and Plants 

Plant tissues: Morphology and modifications, Tissues, Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed. 

Animal tissues: Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, Respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach) 

Unit 3: Cell Structure and Function 

Cell theory, Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, Plant cell and animal cell. Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall. Cell organelles – structure and function: Endomembrane system- endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies: Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles. Nucleus – nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus. 

Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules – structure and function of proteins including Enzymes–types, properties, enzyme action, carbohydrates, lipid and nucleic acids. 

Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance. 

Unit 4: Plant Physiology 

Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients, Cell to cell transport – Diffusion, active transport; Plant – water relations– Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water – Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; Transpiration– Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients– Transport of food, phloem transport. 

Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role, Deficiency symptoms, Mineral toxicity, Elementary idea of Hydroponics, Nitrogen metabolism 

Photosynthesis:Significance – site of photosynthesis – Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis, Cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis. 

Respiration: Cellular respiration – glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), Krebs cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations – Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient. 

Plant growth and development: Seed germination, Phases of plant growth and plant growth rate, Conditions of growth, Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell, Growth regulators: auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA. Seed dormancy, Photoperiodism, Vernalisation. 

Unit 5: Human Physiology 

Digestion and absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands, Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones, Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, Calorific value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders– PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea. 

Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals, Respiratory system in humans, Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans– Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration, Respiratory volumes, Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders. 

Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood, Composition of lymph and its function, Human circulatory system – Structure of human heart and blood vessels, Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation, Regulation of cardiac activity, Disorders of circulatory system – Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure. 

Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion – Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism, Human excretory system–structure and function, Urine formation, Osmoregulation, Regulation of kidney function– Renin – angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus, Role of other organs in excretion, Disorders – Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis, Dialysis and artificial kidney. 

Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement – ciliary, flagellar, muscular, skeletal muscle – contractile proteins and muscle contraction, Skeletal system and its functions, Joints, Disorders of muscular and skeletal system – Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout. 

Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves, Nervous system in humans– central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system, Generation and conduction of nerve impulse, Reflex action, Sensory perception, Sense organs, Elementary structure and function of eye and ear. 

Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones, Human endocrine system -Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads. Mechanism of hormone action, Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders: Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease. 

Unit 6: Reproduction 

Reproduction in Organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species, modes of reproduction – asexual and sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction – binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation, vegetative propagation in plants. 

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants: Flower structure, development of male and female gametophytes, pollination – types, agencies and examples, out breeding devices, pollen-pistil interaction, double fertilization, post fertilization events – development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit, special modes apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony, Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation. 

Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems, microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary, gametogenesis – spermatogenesis and oogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilization, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation, pregnancy and placenta formation, parturition, lactation. 

Reproductive Health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), birth control – need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP), amniocentesis, infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT. 

Unit 7: Genetics and Evolution 

Principles of Inheritance and Variation: Heredity and variation, Mendelian inheritance, deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co – dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance, chromosome theory of inheritance, chromosomes and genes, Sex determination in humans, birds and honey bee, linkage and crossing over, sex linked inheritance – haemophilia, colour blindness, Mendelian disorders in humans – thalassemia, chromosomal disorders in humans, Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes. 

Molecular Basis of Inheritance: DNA as genetic material, Structure of DNA and RNA, DNA packaging and replication, Central dogma, transcription, genetic code, translation, gene expression and regulation – lac operon, genome and human and rice genome projects, DNA fingerprinting. 

Evolution: Origin of life, biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences), Darwin’s contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution, mechanism of evolution – variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy – Weinberg’s principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution. 

Unit 8: Biology and Human Welfare 

Human Health and Diseases: Pathogens, parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm) and their control, Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines, cancer, HIV and AIDS, Adolescence – drug and alcohol abuse. 

Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production: Improvement in food production, Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification, Apiculture and Animal husbandry. 

Microbes in Human Welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as biocontrol agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics – production and judicious use. 

Unit 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications 

Biotechnology – Principles and processes: Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology). 

Biotechnology and its Application: Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy, genetically modified organisms – Bt crops; transgenic animals, biosafety issues, bio piracy and patents. 

Unit 10: Ecology and Environment 

Organisms and Populations: Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche, population and ecological adaptations, population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism, population attributes – growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. 

Ecosystem: Ecosystems: Patterns, components, productivity and decomposition, energy flow, pyramids of number, biomass, energy, nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous), ecological succession, ecological services – carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release. 

Biodiversity and its Conservation: Biodiversity – Concept, patterns, importance, loss of biodiversity, biodiversity conservation, hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites. 

Environmental Issues: Air pollution and its control, water pollution and its control, agrochemicals and their effects, solid waste management, radioactive waste management, greenhouse effect and climate change impact and mitigation, ozone layer depletion, deforestation, any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s).

PART 5 – ENGLISH

Questions in this part contain Comprehension type questions in the form of short passages or lines of poems or a dialogue. The candidate should read the given text and answer a set of Questions. Each question has 4 choices, out of which choose the best answer.

VELLORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING ENTRANCE EXAMINATION

SYLLABUS AND EXAMINATION PLANNING

EXAMINATION PATTERN 2020:

• All Questions will be of Multiple Choice Question (MCQ)
• The aptitude section in VITEEE will be in addition to subjects viz. Maths or Biology, Physics, Chemistry and English. The number of questions for the respective sections in VITEEE will be, Maths or Biology (40 questions), Physics (35 questions), Chemistry (35 questions), Aptitude (10 questions) and English (5 questions).
• No Negative marks for wrong answers.

:SYLLABUS OF EXAMINATION:

APTITUDE 

Assessment will be the following topics. 

1. Data Interpretation 
2. Data Sufficiency 
3. Syllogism 
4. Number series, Coding and Decoding 
5. Clocks, Calendars and Directions.

MATHEMATICS 

1. Matrices and their Applications 

Adjoint, inverse – properties, computation of inverses, solution of system of linear equations by matrix inversion method. 

Rank of a matrix – elementary transformation on a matrix, consistency of a system of linear equations, Cramer’s rule, non-homogeneous equations, homogeneous linear system and rank method. 

Solution of linear programming problems (LPP) in two variables. 

2. Trigonometry and Complex Numbers 

Definition, range, domain, principal value branch, graphs of inverse trigonometric functions and their elementary properties. 

Complex number system – conjugate, properties, ordered pair representation. 

Modulus – properties, geometrical representation, polar form, principal value, conjugate, sum, difference, product, quotient, vector interpretation, solutions of polynomial equations, De Moivre’s theorem and its applications. 

Roots of a complex number – nth roots, cube roots, fourth roots. 

3. Analytical Geometry of two dimensions 

Definition of a conic – general equation of a conic, classification with respect to the general equation of a conic, classification of conics with respect to eccentricity. 

Equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms and general forms- Directrix, Focus and Latus-rectum – parametric form of conics and chords. – Tangents and normals – Cartesian form and parametric form- equation of chord of contact of tangents from a point (x1 ,y1) to all the above said curves. 

Asymptotes, Rectangular hyperbola – Standard equation of a rectangular hyperbola. 

4. Vector Algebra 

Scalar Product – angle between two vectors, properties of scalar product, and applications of dot product. Vector product, right handed and left handed systems, properties of vector product, applications of cross product. 

Product of three vectors – Scalar triple product, properties of scalar triple product, vector triple product, vector product of four vectors, scalar product of four vectors. 

5. Analytical Geometry of Three Dimensions 

Direction cosines – direction ratios – equation of a straight line passing through a given point and parallel to a given line, passing through two given points, angle between two lines. 

Planes – equation of a plane, passing through a given point and perpendicular to a line, given the distance from the origin and unit normal, passing through a given point and parallel to two given lines, passing through two given points and parallel to a given line, passing through three given non-collinear points, passing through the line of intersection of two given planes, the distance between a point and a plane, the plane which contains two given lines (co-planar lines), angle between a line and a plane. 

Skew lines – shortest distance between two lines, condition for two lines to intersect, point of intersection, collinearity of three points. 

Sphere – equation of the sphere whose centre and radius are given, equation of a sphere when the extremities of the diameter are given. 

6. Differential Calculus 

Limits, continuity and differentiability of functions – Derivative as a rate of change, velocity, acceleration, related rates, derivative as a measure of slope, tangent, normal and angle between curves. 

Mean value theorem – Rolle’s Theorem, Lagrange Mean Value Theorem, Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s series, L’ Hospital’s Rule, stationary points, increasing, decreasing, maxima, minima, concavity, convexity and points of inflexion. 

Errors and approximations – absolute, relative, percentage errors – curve tracing, partial derivatives, Euler’s theorem. 

7. Integral Calculus and its Applications 

Simple definite integrals – fundamental theorems of calculus, properties of definite integrals. 

Reduction formulae – reduction formulae for ∫sin ⁿ x dx and ∫ cos ⁿ x dx , Bernoulli’s formula. 

Area of bounded regions, length of the curve. 

8. Differential Equations 

Differential equations – formation of differential equations, order and degree, solving differential equations (1st order), variables separable, homogeneous, linear equations and applications. 

Second order linear differential equations – second order linear differential equations with constant co-efficients, finding the particular integral if f(x) = e^mx, sin mx, cos mx, x, x². 

9. Probability Distributions 

Probability – Axioms – Addition law – Conditional probability – Multiplicative law – Baye’s Theorem – Random variable – probability density function, distribution function, mathematical expectation, variance 

Theoretical distributions-discrete distributions (Binomial, Poisson distributions)- Continuous distributions (Normal distribution). 

10. Discrete Mathematics 

Functions–Relations –Sequence and series (AP, GP, HP)- Binomial theorem-Basics of counting. 

Mathematical logic – logical statements, connectives, truth tables, logical equivalence, tautology, contradiction. 

Groups-binary operations, semi groups, monoids, groups, order of a group, order of an element, properties of groups.

BIOLOGY 

1. Taxonomy 

Need for classification; three domains of life. Linnaean, Whittaker, Bentham and Hooker system of classification. Salient features and classification of non-chordates up to phyla levels and chordates up to class levels. Morphology and anatomy of flowering plants. Structural organization in insects(cockroaches) 

2. Cell and Molecular Biology 

Cell theory. Prokaryotic cell and its ultrastructure. Eukaryotic cell- cell wall, cell membrane, cytoskeleton, nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles and centrosomes. Cell cycle and division – amitosis, mitosis and meiosis. Search for genetic material; structure of DNA and RNA; replication, transcription, genetic code, translation, splicing, gene expression and regulation (lac operon) and DNA repair. 

3. Reproduction 

Asexual reproduction – binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule formation and fragmentation. Vegetative propagation in plants, sexual reproduction in flowering plants and structure of flowers. Pollination, fertilization, development of seeds and fruits, seed dispersal, apomixis, parthenocarpy and poly-embryony. Human reproductive system. Gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilization, implantation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, pregnancy, parturition and lactation. Assisted reproductive technologies. 

4. Genetics and evolution 

Chromosomes – structure and types, linkage and crossing over, recombination of chromosomes, mutation and chromosomal aberrations. Mendelian inheritance, chromosomal theory of inheritance, deviation from Mendelian ratio (incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple allelism, pleiotrophy), sex linked inheritance and sex determination in humans. Darwinism, neo Darwinism, Hardy and Weinberg’s principle and factors affecting the equilibrium: selection, mutation, migration and random genetic drift. 

5. Human health and diseases 

Pathogens, parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm) and their control. Basic concepts of immunology, vaccines, antibiotics, cancer, HIV and AIDS. Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse. 

6. Biochemistry 

Structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Enzymes – types, properties and enzyme action. Metabolism – glycolysis, fermentation, Krebs cycle and pentose phosphate pathway. 

7. Plant physiology 

Movement of water, food, nutrients, gases and minerals. Passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Imbibition, osmosis, apoplast and symplast transport and guttation. Macro and micronutrients and their deficiency symptoms. Transpiration, photosynthesis (light and dark reactions) and electron transport chain. Hormones and growth regulators, photo- periodism and vernalization. Nitrogen cycle and biological nitrogen fixation. 

8. Human physiology 

Digestion and absorption, breathing and respiration, body fluids and circulation, excretory system, endocrine system, nervous system, skeletal and muscular systems. Locomotion and movement, growth, aging and death. Hormones – types of hormones, functions and disorders. 

9. Biotechnology and its applications 

Recombinant DNA technology, applications in health, agriculture and industries; genetically modified organisms; Human insulin, vaccine and antibiotic production. Stem cell technology and gene therapy. Apiculture and animal husbandry. Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, fortification, Bt crops and transgenic animals. Microbes in food processing, sewage treatment, waste management and energy generation. Biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. Bio- safety issues, biopiracy and patents. Human and rice genome projects. DNA fingerprinting. 

10. Biodiversity, ecology and environment 

Ecosystems: components, types, pyramids, nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous), ecological succession and energy flow in an ecosystem; Biodiversity – concepts, patterns, importance, conservation, hot spots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red data book, botanical gardens, national parks, sanctuaries, museums, biosphere reserves and Ramsar sites. Environmental issues: pollution and its control.Solid and radioactive waste management. Climate change impact and its mitigation. Population attributes – growth, birth and death rate and age distribution. 

CHEMISTRY 

1. Atomic Structure 

Bohr’s atomic model-Sommerfeld’s extension of atomic structure; Electronic configuration and Quantum numbers; Shapes of s,p,d,f orbitals – Pauli’s exclusion principle – Hund’s Rule of maximum multiplicity- Aufbau principle. Emission and absorption spectra, line and band spectra; Hydrogen spectrum – Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett and Pfund series; deBroglie’s theory; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle – wave nature of electrons – Schrodinger wave equation (No derivation). Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. Hybridization of atomic orbitals involving s,p and d orbitals. 

2. p,d and f – Block Elements p-block elements – Phosphorus compounds; PCl3, PCl5 – Oxides. Hydrogen halides, Interhalogen compounds. Xenon fluoride compounds. General Characteristics of d – block elements – Electronic Configuration – Oxidation states of first row transition elements and their colours. Occurrence and principles of extraction: Copper, Silver, Gold and Zinc. Preparation and properties of CuSO4, AgNO3 and K2Cr2O7. 

Lanthanides – Introduction, electronic configuration, general characteristics, oxidation state – lanthanide contraction, uses and brief comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides. 

3. Coordination Chemistry and Solid State Chemistry Introduction – Terminology in coordination chemistry – IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Isomerism, Geometrical isomerism in 4-coordinate, 6-coordinate complexes. Theories on coordination compounds – Werner’s theory (brief), Valence Bond theory. Uses of coordination compounds. Bioinorganic compounds (Haemoglobin and chlorophyll). 

Lattice – unit cell, systems, types of crystals, packing in solids; Ionic crystals – Imperfections in solids – point defects. X-Ray diffraction – Electrical Property, Amorphous solids (elementary ideas only). 

4. Thermodynamics, Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical Kinetics I and II law of thermodynamics – spontaneous and non spontaneous processes, entropy, Gibbs free energy – Free energy change and chemical equilibrium – significance of entropy. Law of mass action – Le Chatlier’s principle, applications of chemical equilibrium. Rate expression, order and molecularity of reactions, zero order, first order and pseudo first order reaction – half life period. Determination of rate constant and order of reaction . Temperature dependence of the rate constant – Arrhenius equation, activation energy. 

5. Electrochemistry Theory of electrical conductance; metallic and electrolytic conductance. Faraday’s laws – theory of strong electrolytes – Specific resistance, specific conductance, equivalent and molar conductance – Variation of conductance with dilution – Kohlrausch’s Law – Ionic product of water, pH and pH– buffer solutions – use of pH values. Cells – Electrodes and electrode potentials – construction of cell and EMF values, Fuel cells; Corrosion and its prevention. 

6. Isomerism in Organic Compounds 

Definition, Classification – structural isomerism, stereo isomerism – geometrical and optical isomerism. Optical activity- chirality – compounds containing chiral centres – R, S notation, D, L notation. 

7. Alcohols and Ethers Nomenclature of alcohols – Classification of alcohols – distinction between 1⁰, 2⁰ and 3⁰ alcohols – General methods of preparation of primary alcohols, properties. Methods of preparation of dihydric alcohols: Glycol – Properties – Uses. Methods of preparation of trihydric alcohols – Properties – Uses. Aromatic alcohol – preparation and properties of phenols and benzyl alcohol. 

Ethers – Nomenclature of ethers – general methods of preparation of aliphatic ethers – Properties – Uses. Aromatic ethers – Preparation of Anisole – Uses. 

8. Carbonyl Compounds 

Nomenclature of carbonyl compounds – Comparison of aldehydes and ketones. General methods of preparation of aldehydes – Properties – Uses. Aromatic aldehydes – Preparation of benzaldehyde – Properties and Uses. Ketones – general methods of preparation of aliphatic ketones (acetone) – Properties – Uses. Aromatic ketones – preparation of acetophenone – Properties – Uses, preparation of benzophenone – Properties. Name reactions; Clemmenson reduction, Wolff – Kishner reduction, Cannizzaro reaction, Claisen Schmidt reaction, Benzoin Condensation, Aldol Condensation. Preparation and applications of Grignard reagents. 

9. Carboxylic Acids and their derivatives 

Nomenclature – Preparation of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids – formic acid – Properties – Uses. Monohydroxy mono carboxylic acids; Lactic acid – Synthesis of lactic acid. Aliphatic dicarboxylic acids; Preparation of oxalic and succinic acids. Aromatic acids; Benzoic and Salicylic acids – Properties – Uses. Derivatives of carboxylic acids; acetyl chloride (CH3COCl) – Preparation – Properties – Uses. Preparation of acetamide, Properties – acetic anhydride – Preparation, Properties. Preparation of esters – methyl acetate – Properties. 

10. Organic Nitrogen Compounds and Biomolecules 

Aliphatic nitro compounds – Preparation of aliphatic nitroalkanes – Properties – Uses. Aromatic nitro compounds – Preparation – Properties – Uses. Distinction between aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds. Amines; aliphatic amines – General methods of preparation – Properties – Distinction between 1⁰, 2⁰ and 3⁰ amines. Aromatic amines – Synthesis of benzylamine – Properties, Aniline – Preparation – Properties – Uses. Differences between aliphatic and aromatic amines. Aliphatic nitriles – Preparation – properties – Uses. Diazonium salts – Preparation of benzene diazonium chloride – Properties. 

Carbohydrates – Distinction between sugars and non sugars, structural formula of glucose, fructose and sucrose, with their linkages, invert sugar – definition, examples of oligo and polysaccharides, 

Amino acids – Classification with examples, Peptides-properties of peptide bond, 

Lipids – Definition, classification with examples, difference between fats, oils and waxes.

PHYSICS 

1. Laws of Motion & Work, Energy and Power 

Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Static and kinetic friction – laws of friction – rolling friction – lubrication. 

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy – work-energy theorem – power. 

Conservative forces: conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies) – non-conservative forces: motion in a vertical circle – elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions. 

2. Properties of Matter 

Elastic behaviour – Stress-strain relationship – Hooke’s law – Young’s modulus – bulk modulus – shear modulus of rigidity – Poisson’s ratio – elastic energy. Viscosity – Stokes’ law – terminal velocity – streamline and turbulent flow – critical velocity. Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications. 

Heat – temperature – thermal expansion: thermal expansion of solids – specific heat capacity: Cp, Cv – latent heat capacity. Qualitative ideas of Blackbody radiation: Wein’s displacement Law – Stefan’s law. 

3. Electrostatics 

Charges and their conservation; Coulomb’s law-forces between two point electric charges – Forces between multiple electric charges-superposition principle. Electric field – electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field intensity due to a dipole – behaviour of a dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric potential – potential difference-electric potential due to a point charge and dipole- equipotential surfaces – electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges. 

Electric flux-Gauss’s theorem and its applications. Electrostatic induction-capacitor and capacitance – dielectric and electric polarisation – parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium – applications of capacitor – energy stored in a capacitor – Capacitors in series and in parallel – action of points – Van de Graaff generator. 

4. Current Electricity 

Electric Current – flow of charges in a metallic conductor – drift velocity and mobility and their relation with electric current. Ohm’s law, electrical resistance – V-I characteristics – electrical resistivity and conductivity-classification of materials in terms of conductivity – Carbon resistors – colour code for carbon resistors – combination of resistors – series and parallel – temperature dependence of resistance – internal resistance of a cell – potential difference and emf of a cell – combinations of cells in series and in parallel. 

Kirchoff’s law – Wheatstone’s Bridge and its application for temperature coefficient of resistance measurement – Meter Bridge – special case of Wheatstone bridge – Potentiometer principle – comparing the emf of two cells. 

5. Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 

Magnetic effect of electric current – Concept of magnetic field – Oersted’s experiment – Biot-Savart law- Magnetic field due to an infinitely long current carrying straight wire and circular coil – Tangent galvanometer – construction and working – Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid – magnetic field lines. 

Ampere’s circuital law and its application. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic field and electric field – cyclotron – Force on current carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field – Forces between two parallel current carrying conductors – definition of ampere. 

Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field – moving coil galvanometer – conversion to ammeter and voltmeter – current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment – Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. 

6. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current 

Electromagnetic induction – Faraday’s law – induced emf and current – Lenz’s law. Self induction – Mutual induction – self inductance of a long solenoid – mutual inductance of two long solenoids. Methods of inducing emf – (i) by changing magnetic induction (ii) by changing area enclosed by the coil and (iii) by changing the orientation of the coil (quantitative treatment). 

AC generator – commercial generator. (Single phase, three phase). Eddy current – applications – transformer – long distance transmission. Alternating current – measurement of AC – AC circuit with resistance – AC circuit with inductor – AC circuit with capacitor – LCR series circuit – Resonance and Q – factor – power in AC circuits. 

7. Optics 

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Scattering of light-blue colour of sky and reddish appearances of the sun at sunrise and sunset. 

Wavefront and Huygens’s principle – Reflection, total internal reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts. Interference – Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width – coherent source – interference of light – Formation of colours in thin films – Newton’s rings. Diffraction – differences between interference and diffraction of light- diffraction grating. Polarisation of light waves – polarisation by reflection – Brewster’s law – double refraction – nicol prism – uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids – rotatory polarisation – polarimeter. 

8. Dual Nature of Radiation and Atomic Physics 

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics – Electromagnetic spectrum – Photoelectric effect – Light waves and photons – Einstein’s photoelectric equation – laws of photoelectric emission – particle nature of light – photo cells and their applications. 

Atomic structure – discovery of the electron – specific charge (Thomson’s method) and charge of the electron (Millikan’s oil drop method) – alpha scattering – Rutherford’s atom model. 

9. Nuclear Physics 

Nuclear properties – nuclear radii, masses, binding energy, density, charge – isotopes, isobars and isotones – nuclear mass defect – binding energy – stability of nuclei – Bainbridge mass spectrometer. 

Nature of nuclear forces – Neutron – discovery – properties – artificial transmutation – particle accelerator. Radioactivity – alpha, beta and gamma radiations and their properties – Radioactive decay law – half life – mean life – artificial radioactivity – radioisotopes – effects and uses – Geiger – Muller counter. Radiocarbon dating. Nuclear fission – chain reaction – atom bomb – nuclear reactor – nuclear fusion – Hydrogen bomb – cosmic rays – elementary particles. 

10. Semiconductor Devices and their Applications 

Semiconductor basics – energy band in solids: difference between metals, insulators and semiconductors – semiconductor doping – Intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductors. Formation of P-N Junction – Barrier potential and depletion layer-P-N Junction diode – Forward and reverse bias characteristics – diode as a rectifier – Zener diode-Zener diode as a voltage regulator – LED. Junction transistors – characteristics – transistor as a switch – transistor as an amplifier – transistor as an oscillator. 

Logic gates – NOT, OR, AND, EXOR using discrete components – NAND and NOR gates as universal gates – De Morgan’s theorem – Laws and theorems of Boolean algebra.