HINDI CLASS 9TH QUESTION PAPER 2018 (RBSE)

वार्षिक परीक्षा-2017-2018  

कक्षा-9 

विषय-हिन्दी 

समय: 3¼ घंटे                                                                                                                                                             अधिकतम अंक: 80


परीक्षाओं के लिए सामान्य निर्देश:-

1. सभी प्रश्न करने अनिवार्य हैं। 

2. सभी प्रश्नों के अंक प्रश्न के सामने अंकित हैं। 


खण्ड-अ (अंक 10) 

प्रश्न 1. निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़कर प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए। (5) 

इस सृष्टि को ऊपर-ऊपर से देखने पर हमें इसमें अनेक भेद दिखाई देते हैं। मनुष्य रूप में, स्वभाव में एक दूसरे से भिन्न है। मनुष्य, कीट-पतंग, वृक्ष, वनस्पति ये सभी सजीव होने पर भी एक दूसरे से भिन्न हैं। सृष्टि में सारे पदार्थ एक दूसरे से भिन्न हैं। परन्तु ऊपर से दिखाई देने वाली विविध प्रकार की भिन्नता होने पर भी मूल में जीवन एक ही है इसलिए अखण्ड भी है। स्थान के कारण से, अवस्था के कारण से, समय के कारण से उसकी अखंडता भंग नहीं होती, ये सारे भेद ऊपरी हैं और आभासी हैं। इस सत्य को शिक्षा के माध्यम से जानना आवश्यक है। 

(क) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक लिखिए। 

(ख) इस सृष्टि की अखंडता भंग क्यों नहीं होती है ? 

(ग) शिक्षा के द्वारा क्या जानना आवश्यक है ? 

 

प्रश्न 2. निम्नलिखित पद्यांश को पढ़कर प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए – (5)

कौन तुम रूपसि कौन ? वयोम से उतर रहीं चुपचाप, 

छिपी निज छाया छवि में आप, सुनहला फैला केश कलाप। 

मधुर, मंथर, मृदु मौन। मूंद अधरों में मधुपालाप। 

पलक में निमिष, पदों में चाप, भाव संकुल बंकिम भ्रू चाप । 

मौन केवल तुम मौन। ग्रीव तिर्यक, चम्पक द्युति गात। 

नयन मुकुलित नतमुख जलजात, देह छवि छाया में दिन रात। 

(क) उपर्युक्त पद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक लिखिए। 

(ख) कवि ने संध्या की क्या-क्या विशेषता बतायी हैं ? 

(ग) रेखांकित शब्दों के अर्थ बताइये। 

 

खण्ड-ख (अंक 15) 

प्रश्न 3. किसी एक विषय पर 200 शब्दों में निबंध लिखो। 

(क) विज्ञान वरदान या अभिशाप 

(ख) बेटी बचाओ, बेटी पढ़ाओ 

(ग) स्वच्छ भारत अभियान 

(घ) जल संरक्षण 

 

प्रश्न 4. प्रधानाध्यापक रा.मा.वि. देराजसर (बीकानेर) द्वारा सचिव, माध्यमिक शिक्षा बोर्ड अजमेर को बोर्ड परीक्षा केन्द्र की स्वीकृति हेतु कार्यालयी पत्र लिखिए। 

अथवा

स्वयं को बीकानेर निवासी अनुपम पारीक मानते हुए अपने अलवर निवासी मित्र भागीरथ चौधरी को, स्वस्थ स्वास्थ्य हेतु अपनाने वाली आदतों को जीवन में शामिल करने हेतु एक पत्र लिखें। – 

 

खण्ड-ग (अंक 15) 

प्रश्न 5. व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा की परिभाषा लिखिए। 

 

प्रश्न 6. सर्वनाम कितने प्रकार के होते हैं ? नाम लिखो। 

 

प्रश्न 7. सन्धि विच्छेद करो। सन्धि का नाम लिखो। – 

(1) हिमालय 

(2) सूर्योदय 

(3) जगदीश 

(4) यशोदा 

 

प्रश्न 8.’वि’ और ‘अति’ उपसर्ग से दो-दो शब्द बनाइये। 

 

प्रश्न 9. पर्यायवाची बताओ (दो-दो) 

(1) माता 

(2) दुश्मन 

 

प्रश्न 10.निम्नलिखित प्रत्ययों से दो-दो शब्द बनाइये –

(1) पन 

(2) आवट 

(3) अंक 

 

प्रश्न 11. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के विलोम शब्द लिखिए – 

(1) गरिमा 

(2) उत्कृष्ट 

(3) रूप 

(4) जड़ 

 

प्रश्न 12.निम्नलिखित शब्दों के शुद्ध रूप लिखिए – 

(1) आर्शीवाद 

(2) इतिहासिक 

(3) पराचिन 

(4) अंगार 

 

प्रश्न 13.’हिन्दी वर्णमाला में स्वरों की संख्या कितनी मानी गयी है। 

 

प्रश्न 14. निम्नलिखित शब्दों के अर्थ भेद बताइये – 

(1) सीता-सिता । 

(2) प्रसाद-प्रासाद 

 

खण्ड-द (अंक 60) 

प्रश्न 15. निम्नलिखित गद्यांश की सप्रसंग व्याख्या कीजिए – 

(क) लोककल्याण के लिए आत्मत्याग करने वालों में महर्षि दधीचि आदि पुरूष हैं। वारको गाति मा पिता अशा थे। बाल्यकाल के संस्कारों से तप त्याग और जीवा के प्रति गागाजावाजवलम्ब बने। भगवान शिव के पति अटूट भक्ति और वैराग्य में इनका जन्म सही निष्ठा थी। महातपोबलि महर्षि दधीचि ने संसार के कल्याण के लिए अपनी देह छोड़कर अस्थियों का दान कर दिया। उन्होंने अपना सम्पूर्ण जीवन धर्म रक्षा में ही लगाया। 

अथवा 

बस कच्चे पथरीले रास्ते पर हिचकोले खाती बढ़ रही थी। एक घंटे बाद अभी झपकी लगी ही थी कि अबुधाबी से आये राय साहब चीखे अरे बाँयी ओर देखो बाँयी ओर फैंटास्टिक । सबने तुरन्त बाँयी ओर सिर घुमाया तो अवाक रह गए। वह स्वप्न था या सत्य ? हल्के-हल्के उजाले में आकाश के अनंत विस्तार के एक छोर पर दिव्य मणि-सा चमकता यह अपार गरिमामय पर्वत – शुभ, उज्ज्वल, मनमोहक! गाइड बोला “यह गुरला मान्धाता पर्वत है। 

 

प्रश्न 16. निम्नलिखित पद्यांश की सप्रसंग व्याख्या करो – 

चाह नहीं, मैं सुरबाला के गहनों में गूंथा जाऊँ चाह नहीं सम्राटों के शव पर हे हरि! डाला जाऊँ चाह नहीं देवों के सिर पर चढं भाग्य पर इठलाऊ। 

अथवा 

कौन बड़ाई जलधि मिलि, गंग नाम भो धीम। केहि की प्रभुता नहि घटी पर, घर गए रहीम जे गरीब पर हित करे, ते रहीम बड़ लोग। 

 

लघूत्तरात्मक प्रश्न (अंक 18)

(कोई पांच प्रश्न करने हैं) 

प्रश्न 19. बनवीर कौन था ? परिचय दीजिए। 

 

प्रश्न 20. वीर नारी को कौनसी दो बातें असहनीय है ? 

 

प्रश्न 21. डॉ. कलाम के विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में योगदान पर प्रकाश डालिए। – 

 

प्रश्न 22. पेड़ व तालाब के माध्यम से कवि क्या सीख दे रहा है ? 

 

प्रश्न 23. राक्षस ताल को रावण हद क्यों कहते हैं ? 

 

प्रश्न 24. पर्वत मणि-माणक क्यों नहीं प्रगटाना चाहता है ? 

 

अतिलघूत्तरात्मक प्रश्न (अंक 20) 

प्रश्न 25. कृष्ण की बाल क्रीड़ा को देखकर यशोदा क्या करती है ? 

 

प्रश्न 26. संसार को तपोवन क्यों कहा गया है ?

 

प्रश्न 27. मीरां ने अमोलक वस्तु किसे कहा है ? 

 

प्रश्न 28. कल्पवास किसे कहते हैं ? 

 

प्रश्न 29. फाइल में से जो आवाज आई वह किसकी थी? 

 

प्रश्न 30.निम्नलिखित में से किन्हीं एक कवि का साहित्यिक परिचय दीजिए- 

(1) जयशंकर प्रसाद 

(2) तुलसी-दास

 

प्रश्न 31. सड़क दुर्घटना से बचने के उपाय बताइए। – 

ENGLISH CLASS 9TH QUESTION PAPER 2018 (RBSE)

Yearly Examination, 201718 

ClassIX 

SubjectEnglish 

Instructions :

 1. All questions are compulsory. 

2. Marks are in front of the question. 

Section – A  

Question 1. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: 

Forests are called the ‘Green gold’ of country because they are a country’s wealth. There are numerous advantages of having green forest. They give us, rain, prevent floods and give us a number of valuable products. We get timber for building our houses, wood for furniture, fuel for cooking food. Besides these, we get many other useful products from them. They are honey, wax, gum, oil, herbs, lac and dyes. Think of the paper mills. Can they produce paper without getting wood from the forest? The industry of the artificial Silk depends on forests. Forests add to the beauty of a country and provide shelter for wild animals. During wars, they give cover to animes. Forests maintain fertility of soil. They are helpful in reducing the level of pollution. They are necessary to maintain balance in nature. They are vital for good climate. They reduce intensity and frequency. of natural disasters like drought, flood, storms etc. 

(i) Why are forests called the ‘green gold’?

(ii) Name only five products that we get from the forest

(ii) What important work do trees during wars? 

(iv) How are forests useful for wild animals? 

(v) Who does the term “green gold’ symbolise in the passage? 

(vi) What do forests prevent? 

(vii) Can we produce paper ‘without getting wood from the forests

(viii) Are Forests necessary for artificial silk? 

(ix) What do forests maintain? 

(x) Find out the words from the passage which mean :

(a) provide 

(b) many 

 

Question 2. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: 

Humankind has always searched in vain for an imaginary elixir of life, the divine Amrita, a draught of which was thought to confer immortality. But the elixir of life lies near our hands. For it is the commonest of all liquid, plain water! I remember one day standing on the line which separates the Libyan Desert from the Valley of the Nile in Egypt. On one side was visible a sea of billowing sand without a speck of green or a single living anywhere visible on it. On the other side lay one of the greatest, most fertile and densely populated areas to be found anywhere on the earth, teeming with life and vegetation. What made this wonderful difference? Why, it is the water of the river Nile. Geologists tell us that the entire soil of the Nile Valley is the creation of the river itself. Egypt, in fact, was made by its river. Its ancient civilisation was created and is sustained by the life-giving waters of the Nile. This common substance which we take for granted in our everyday life is the most potent and the most wonderful thing on the face of our earth. It has played a very significant role in shaping the course of the earth’s history and continues to play a leading role in the drama of life on earth. 

(i) What has humankind always searched

(ii) What is the elixir of life? 

(iii) What did the author see in the Libyan Desert? 

(iv) What did the author see in the Valley of the Nile? 

(v) Which country’s river is being mentioned here? 

(vi) What do the geologists tell about the Nile Valley?

(vii) Why is water the most potent and wonderful? : 

(viii) How was Egypt’s ancient civilization created and sustained?

(ix) Its ancient civilization……’ To what does the word ‘Its’ here refer to?

(x) Find out the word from the passage which mean – 

     (a) Those who study rocks and soil that make up the earth. 

     (b) The condition of living forever

Section – B 

Question 3. Imagine that you are Pooja living in Govt. Hostel Chandawal Nagar. Write a letter to your father telling him about your hostel life. You may touch upon the following points. 

(i) The facilities in the hostel 

(ii) Daily routine 

(ii) Study hours 

(iv) Room partner’s and warden’s behaviour 

OR 

Imagine that you are Dushyant Choudhary, a student of class IX. Your father has been transferred to Chhitariya. Write an application to your principal requesting him to issue you your Transfer Certificate. 

 

Question 4. Using the following outlines, write ‘a speech’ in 60-80 words on ‘Television for a seminar which you are going to attend : 

Television ……….. Wonderful ……….. gift ……….. Science ……….. useful ……….. programmes ……… watch ……….. films …. dramas ……….. news ……….. entertainment ……….. knowledge ………. bad effects ……….. essential item. 

OR 

Homework should be abolished (finished): Debate this motion and write your views in favour of it in 60-80 words. You may use the following outlines: 

Burden ……….. check ……….. child’s physical ……….. emotional ………….. Social ……….. development ……….. consume ……….. free 

time ……….. energy ……….. reduce ……….. play time …………. 

problem ……….. weak student ………. illiterate parents. 

 

Question 5. A patient who has been unwell for sometimes goes to his doctor. 

Write a dialogue between the patient and the doctor. You may begin like this: 

Patient : Good morning, doctor. 

Doctor: Good morning, what’s your trouble? 

Patient : Sir, I am suffering from cold and fever. 

OR 

Read the outlines carefully given below and write a story in about 50-70 words with a suitable title and moral. Thirsty bee ………. goes to pond …….. falls in pond ……….. about to drown ……….. dove sees ……….. a leaf ………. in front of ………. dry wings ……….. fly ……… hunter ……….. aim …….... unknown ……….. bee sees ……….. stings ………. missed aim ……….. dove flies ……….. Saves the life. 

Section – C 

Question 6. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in brackets:

(i) ……………. (write) a book these days. 

(ii) Ramesh ……………. (play) for two hours when Sachin came. 

(ii) In ancient times, people ………. (travel) on foot. 

(iv) If I ……………..(be) a bird. 

 

Question 7. Fill in the blanks with suitable modals from the given list in the bracket below:

(may, can, should, will, must] . 

(i) If you pass, I…………….. give you a watch. 

(ii) His lungs have become very weak. 

(iii) Alka …………….. speak Tamil well. 

(iv) You are ill. You …………… consult a good doctor.

 

Question 8. Fill in the blanks with a verb in agreement with its subject: 

(1) 1 and he …………. eaten food. (has/have). 

(ii) There …………. five books in the bag. (is/are) 

(ii) A number of books ………. stolen. (was/were) 

(iv) · Both Sachin and Dushyant ………. food. (cook/cooks) 

 

Question 9. Change the following sentence into indirect speech :

(i) He said to Sita, “When will you go to your school tomorrow?” 

(ii) Ram said to me, “Have you seen my dairy? 

(iii) Padama said to Rukma, “They do not know you.” 

(iv) My mother said to me, “Don’t spit on the carpet.” 

 

Question 10. (A) Fill in the blanks with antonyms (opposite) for the words given below: 

(i) Punish.         (ii) Possible 

(B) Write synonyms (similar) for the words given below: 

(i) Popular          (ii) Fortunate 

 

Question 11. Name the part of speech of each underlined word used in the following sentences.: 

(1) Several books were on the table. 

(ii) Vipul is very weak, he can not walk. 

(iii) My car is blue. 

(iv) he ran fast but missed the train. 

(v) Alas! I lost my book. 

(vi) Shyam wrote a letter. 

(vii) She saw a cow in the street. 

(viii) This is an elephant. 

 

Question 12. Write the suitable one word for given sentence: 

(1) A person who is travelling. T ……...…… : 

(2) The son of the king. P ……….…….

 

Section – D. 

Question 13. Explain any one stanza with reference to context : 

But mother, flashing her temper Like her mother’s twisted silver grand children’s knickers. 

OR 

Where the mind is led forward by thee into ever-widening thought and action Into that heaven of freedom, my father, my country awake. 

 

Question 14. Answer any two of the following question in about 30 words: 

(i) What does “unforgiving minute” suggest? (if) 

(ii) Comment on the appropriates of the title ‘Ecology’. (Ecology) . 

(iii) How does Tagore refer to the struggle for perfection and rationality? (The heaven of freedom) 

 

Question 15. Answer any two of the following questions in about 30 words : 

(1) How is the caste system against true democracy?  (Prospect of Democracy in India) 

(ii) What are the major defects of our civilization? (The civilization of today) 

(ii) What is the common task in the struggle of freedom? (Women’s Role in The National Movement) 

 

Question 16. Answer any one of the following questions in about 60 words : 

(i) What indicators of hatred does Gandhiji narrate in the essay(A stain on India’s forehand) 

(ii) Why does Einstein despise the military system in the world? 

 

Question 17. Answer any one of the following questions in about 60 words : 

(i) Why could the shepherd boy sit on the judgement seat and not the king? (The judgement-seat of Vikramaditya) .

(ii) What did Mr. Tagde think while he was walking home(The death of a hero) . 

 

Question 18. Answer any two questions in about 30 words : 

(i) Why could Sue not draw the curtain? (The last leaf) . 

(ii) What happened as the child entered the grove? (The lost child) . 

(iii)How did Ratan help the postmaster? (The postmaster) 

(iv) What is Mohan Lal’s attitude towards Indian culture? (Karma) 

SYLLABUS AND EXAMINATION PLANING FOR KIITEE

KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY ENTRANCE EXAMINATION

Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, formerly KIIT University, is a private institute deemed to be university located in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. KIITEE (Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Entrance Exam) is a national level entrance test is conducted for admission to MBA, UG and PG programs. It is organized by KIIT (Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology). Check the following table to know the important dates regarding KIITEE MBA 2020 mentioned below:

EXAMINATION PATTERN 2020:

KIITEE EXAM PATTERN FOR UG:

KIITEE Exam Pattern is different for all the programs. The pattern for Engineering and Nursing is almost similar. Physics and Chemistry have the same syllabus for these courses. The pattern for lateral entry in B.Tech is based on the syllabus of diploma in Engineering. The time duration of the paper for every program is three hours.

  • B.Tech/ B.Arch – KIITEE paper for B.Tech/ B.Arch comprises three sections i.e. Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. Each section carries 40 questions. The questions asked in the examination are based on 12th examination syllabus.
  • B.Sc (Nursing) – It comprises Physics, Chemistry and Biology sections. It consists of 120 multiple choice questions. It contains equal weightage in each section.
  • B.Tech (Lateral Entry) – Candidates seeking admission in the direct second year of program must know about the KIITEE Exam Pattern for lateral entry. It comprises Mathematics, Engineering Mechanics and Electrical Engineering. It consists of 40 questions from each section. The syllabus for this program is based on the syllabus diploma in Engineering.
  • BBA/ BCA – KIITEE Exam Pattern for BBA/ BCA comprises Mathematical Ability, Logical Ability, Verbal Ability and General Knowledge. It consists of 20 GK questions, 40 questions in Verbal Ability and 30 questions each in Mathematical Ability & Logical Ability.

Check the following table to know the KIITEE exam pattern for all the under graduate courses mentioned below.

Name of the program Subjects No. of questions Time Duration
B.Tech/ B.Arch Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics 40 questions in each subject 3 hours
B.Sc (Nursing) Physics, Chemistry, Biology 40 questions in each subject
B.Tech (Lateral Entry) Mathematics, Engineering Mechanics, Electrical Engineering 40 questions in each subject
BBA/ BCA Mathematical Ability, Logical Ability, Verbal Ability & GK GK – 20 VA – 40 MA & LA – 60

KIITEE EXAM PATTERN FOR PG

KIIT (Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology) offers various post graduate programs such as MCA, M.Tech, M.Sc and Master of Public Health. For PG programs, 120 questions are asked in the paper.

  • MCA – KIITEE Paper for MCA comprises Mathematics, Computer Awareness, Analytical and Logical Ability sections. It consists of 60 Mathematics questions and 30 questions each in Computer Awareness and Analytical & Logical Ability.
  • M.Tech – The paper for M.Tech program will be based on the syllabus of the particular stream in B.Tech. It consists of only one paper and contains 120 multiple choice questions.
  • M.Sc (Biotechnology/ Applied Microbiology)- It comprises four sections i.e. Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology. It consists of 20 Physics questions, 20 Mathematics questions, 30 Chemistry questions and 50 Biology questions. The questions asked in Biology section is of Graduation level. The questions in other three sections are based on the class 12th syllabus.
  • M.Sc (Nursing)- The questions will be pertaining to the B.Sc in Nursing Syllabus.
  • Master of Public Health/  Master of Hospital Administration – This paper consists of four sections i.e. Quantitative Aptitude (30 questions), Logical Reasoning (30 questions), English Language (40 questions) and General Awareness (20 questions). It comprises total 120 questions.

Candidates can go through the following table to know the KIITEE Exam Pattern for PG courses.

Program Subjects No. of questions Duration
MCA Mathematics, Computer Awareness, Analytical & Logical Ability 120 (60 in Mathematics) 3 hours
M.Tech Branch Specific 120
M.Sc (Biotechnology) PCMB 120
M.Sc Nursing B.Sc Nursing syllabus 120
Master of Public Health Aptitude, Reasoning, English and General Awareness 120

 

:SYLLABUS OF EXAMINATION:

SYLLABUS FOR B.TECH. (4YEARS)/ BIOTECHNOLOGY- DUAL DEGREE (B.TECH / M.TECH) & B.SC.NURSING/B.SC. COMPUTER SCIENCE 

PHYSICS 

Unit 1: Units and Measurement 

Units for measurement, systems of units-S.I., fundamental and derived units. Dimensions and their applications. 

Unit 2: Description of Motion in One Dimension 

Motion in a straight line, uniform and non- uniform motion, their graphical representation. Uniformly accelerated motion, and its application. 

Unit 3: Description of Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 

Scalars and vectors, vector addition, a real number, zero vector and its properties. Resolution of vectors. Scalar and vector products, uniform circular motion and its applications projectile motion. 

Unit 4: Laws of Motion 

Force and inertia-Newton’s Laws of Motion. Conservation of linear momentum and its applications, rocket propulsion, friction-laws of friction. 

Unit 5: Work, Energy and Power 

Concept of work, energy and power. Energy- Kinetic and potential. Conservation of energy and its applications, Elastic collisions in one and two dimensions. Different forms of energy. 

Unit 6: Rotational Motion and Moment of Inertia 

Centre of mass of a two-particle system. Centre of mass of a rigid body, general motion of a rigid body, nature of rotational motion, torque, angular momentum, its conservation and applications. 

 

Moment of inertia, parallel and perpendicular axes theorem, expression of moment of inertia for ring, disc and sphere. 

Unit 7:- Gravitation Acceleration due to gravity, one and two- dimensional motion under gravity. Universal law of gravitation, variation in the acceleration due to gravity of the earth. Planetary motion, Kepler’s laws, artificial satellite-geostationary satellite, gravitational potential energy near the surface of earth, gravitational potential and escape velocity. 

Unit 8: Solids and Fluids 

Interatomic and Intermolecular forces, states of matter. 

(A) Solids: Elastic properties, Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. 

(B) Liquids : Cohesion and adhesion. Surface energy and surface tension. Flow of fluids, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications. Viscosity, Stoke’s Law, terminal velocity. 

Unit 9: Oscillations 

Periodic motion, simple harmonic motion and its equation of motion, energy in S.H.M., Oscillations of a spring and simple pendulum. 

Unit 10: Waves 

Wave motion, speed of a wave, longitudinal and transverse waves, superposition of waves, progressive and standing waves, free and forced Oscillations, resonance, vibration of strings and air-columns, beats, Doppler effects. 

Unit 11: Heat and Thermodynamics 

Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases and their specific heats, Relationship between  Oersted’s experiment, Biot-Savart’s law, magnetic field due to straight wire, circular loop and solenoid, force on a moving charge in a uniform magnetic field ( Lorentz force), forces and torques on currents in a magnetic field, force between two current carrying wires, moving coil galvanometer and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. 

Unit 23: Atoms, Molecules and Nuclei 

Alpha particles scattering experiment, Atomic masses, size of the nucleus; radioactivity; Alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties, radioactive decay law, half life and mean life of radio-active nuclei, binding energy, Alpha particles scattering experiment, Atomic masses, size of the nucleus; radioactivity; Alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties, radioactive decay law, half life and mean life of radio-active nuclei, binding energy, Cp and Cv for gases, first law of thermodynamics, thermodynamic processes. Second law of thermodynamics, Carnot cycle efficiency of heat engines. 

Unit 12: Transference of Heat Modes of transference of heat. Thermal conductivity. Black body radiation, Kirchoff’s Law, Wien’s law, Stefan’s law of radiation and Newton’s law of cooling. 

Unit 13: Electrostatics Electric charge-its unit and conservation, Coulomb’s law, dielectric constant, electric field, lines of force, field due to dipole and its behaviour in a uniform electric field, electric flux, Gauss’s theorem and its applications. Electric potential, potential due to a point charge. Conductors and insulators, distribution of charge on conductors. Capacitance, parallel plate capacitor, combination of capacitors, energy of capacitor. 

Unit 14: Current Electricity 

Electric current and its unit, sources of energy, cells-primary and secondary, grouping of cells resistance of different materials, temperature dependence, specific resistivity, Ohm’s law, Kirchoff’s law, series and parallel circuits. Wheatstone Bridge with their applications and potentiometer with their applications

Unit 15 : Thermal and Chemical Effects of Currents 

Heating effects of current, electric power, simple concept of thermo-electricity-Seeback effect and thermocouple, Chemical effect of current- Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. 

Unit 16: Magnetic Effects of Currents 

Unit 17: Magnetostatics 

Bar magnet, magnetic field, lines of force, torque on a bar magnet in a magnetic field, earth’s magnetic field, para, dia and ferro magnetism, magnetic induction, magnetic susceptibility. 

Unit 18: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents 

Induced e.m.f., Faraday’s Law,Lenz’s Law, Self and Mutual Inductance, alternating currents, impedance and reactance, power in a.c. Circuits with L.C. And R Series Combination, resonant circuits. Transformer and A.C. generator. 

Unit 19: Ray Optics 

Reflection and refraction of light at plane and curved surfaces, total internal reflection, optical fibre; deviation and dispersion of light by a prism; Lens formula, magnification and resolving power, microscope and telescope. 

Unit 20: Wave Optics 

Wave nature of light; Interference- Young’s double slit experiment. Diffraction-diffraction due to a single slit. Elementary idea of polarization. 

Unit 21: Electromagnetic Waves 

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Electromagnetic wave spectrum from gamma to radio waves-propagation of EM waves in atmosphere. 

Unit 22: Electron and Photons 

Charge on an electron, e/m for an electron, photoelectric effect and Einstein’s equation of photoelectric effect. 

mass energy relationship, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. 

Unit 24: Solids and Semiconductors Devices 

Energy bands in solids, conductors, insulators and semiconductors, pn junction, diodes, diode as rectifier, transistor action, transistor as an amplifier. 

 

CHEMISTRY 

Unit 1: Some Basic Concepts: Measurement in chemistry (Precision, significant figures, S.I. units, Dimensional analysis). Laws of chemical combination. Atomic Mass, Molecular Mass, mole concept, Molar Mass, determination of Molecular formula. Chemical equation, stoichiometry of Chemical reactions. 

Unit 2 : States of Matter 

Gaseous state, measurable properties of gases, Boyle’s Law, Charle’s Law and absolute scale of temperature, Avogadro’s hypothesis, ideal gas equation, Dalton’s law of partial pressures. 

Kinetic molecular theory of gases (the microscopic model of gas), deviation from ideal behaviour. 

The solid state ( classification of solids, X-ray studies of crystal lattices and unit cells, packing of constituent particles in crystals). Imperfection in solids, electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties of solids. Liquid state (Properties of liquids, Vapour pressure, Surface tension, Viscosity). 

Unit 3: Atomic Structure 

Constituents of the atom (discovery of the electron, rutherford model of the atom). 

Electronics structure of atoms-nature of light and electromagnetic waves, atomic spectra, bohr’s model of hydrogen, shortcomings of the bohr model. 

Dual nature of matter and radiation. de-Broglie relation. The uncertainty principle, Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom, Orbitals and 

Quantum numbers. Shapes of orbitals. Aufbau principle, Pauli Exclusion principle, Hund’s Rule, Electronics Configuration of atoms. 

Unit 4: Solutions 

Types of solutions, Units of concentration, Vapour-pressure of solutions and Raoult’s law. Colligative properties. Determination of molecular mass. Non-ideal solutions and abnormal molecular masses. Volumetric analysis-concentration unit. 

Unit 5: Chemical Energetics and Thermodynamics 

Energy changes during a chemical reaction, Internal energy and Enthalpy, Internal energy and Enthalpy changes, Origin of Enthalpy change in a reaction, Hess’s Law of constant heat summation, numericals based on these concepts. Enthalpies of reactions (Enthalpy of neutralization, Enthalpy of combustion, Enthalpy of fusion and vaporization). 

Sources of energy(conservation of energy sources and identification of alternative sources, pollution associated with consumption of fuels. The sun as the primary source). 

First law of thermodynamics; Relation between Internal energy and Enthalpy, application of first law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics: Entropy, Gibbs energy, Spontaneity of a chemical reaction, Gibbs energy change and chemical equilibrium, Gibbs energy available for useful work. 

Unit 6: Chemical Equilibrium 

Equilibria involving physical changes (solid- liquid, liquid-gas equilibrium involving dissolution of solids in liquids, gases in liquids, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes) 

Equilibria involving chemical systems (the law of chemical equilibrium, the magnitude of the equilibrium constant, numerical problems). 

Effect of changing conditions of systems at equilibrium (change of concentration, change of temperature, effect of catalyst-Le Chateliar’s principle). 

Equilibria involving ions- ionization of electrolytes, weak and strong electrolytes, acid- base equilibrium, various concepts of acids and bases, ionization of water, pH scale, solubility product, numericals based on these concepts. 

Surface : Adsorption – physical and chemical adsorption, adsorption isotherms. 

Colloids-Preparation and general properties, Emulsions, Micelles. Catalysis : Homogeneous and heterogeneous, structure of catalyst, Enzymes, Zeolites. 

Water and hydrogen peroxide, structure of water molecule and its aggregates, physical and chemical properties of water, hard and soft water, water softening, hydrogen peroxide- preparation, properties, structure and uses. 

Water and hydrogen peroxide, structure of water molecule and its aggregates, physical and chemical properties of water, hard and soft water, water softening, hydrogen peroxide- preparation, properties, structure and uses. 

Unit 7: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry 

Oxidation and reduction as an electron transfer concept. Redox reactions in aqueous solutions- electrochemical cells. e.m.f. of a galvanic cell. Dependence of e.m.f. on concentration and temperature (NERNST). equation and numerical problems based on it .Electrolysis, Oxidation number (rules for assigning oxidation number, redox reactions in terms of oxidation number, nomenclature). Balancing of oxidation-reduction equations. 

Electrolytic conduction. Molar conductivity, Kohlrausch’s Law and its applications, Voltaic cell, Electrode potential and Electromotive force, Gibb’s energy change and cell potential. Electrode potential and products of electrolysis, Fuel cells, corrosion and its prevention. 

Unit 8: Rates of Chemical Reactions and Chemical Kinetics 

Rate of reaction, Instantaneous rate of reaction and order of reaction. Factors affecting rates of reactions- factors affecting rate of collisions encountered between the reactant molecules, effect of temperature on the reaction rate, concept of activation energy catalyst. Effect of light on rates of reactions. Elementary reactions as steps to more complex reactions. How fast are chemical reactions? 

Rate law expression. Order of a reaction (with suitable examples).Units of rates and specific rate constant. Order of reaction and effect of concentration ( study will be confined to first order only). Temperature dependence of the rate constant – Fast reactions (only elementary idea). Mechanism of reaction ( only elementary idea). Photochemical reactions. 

Unit 9: Surface Chemistry 

Unit 10: Chemical Families Periodic Properties 

Modern periodic law, Types of elements – Representatives elements ( s & p block, Transition elements – d-block elements, inner transition elements-f-block elements. Periodic trends in properties-ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, atomic radii, valence, periodicity in properties of compounds). 

Unit 11: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 

Chemical bonds and Lewis structure, shapes of molecules ( VSEPR theory), Quantum theory of the covalent bond, hydrogen and some other simple molecules, carbon compounds, hybridization, Boron and Beryllium compounds. 

Coordinate covalent bond, ionic bond as an extreme case of polar covalent bond, ionic character of molecules and polar molecules. Bonding in solid state ionic, molecular and covalent solids, metals. Hydrogen bond, Resonance. Molecules : Molecular orbital. Theory-bond order and magnetic properties of H2,O2,N2,F2 on the basis of MOT. Hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals (including shapes of simple organic molecules), Dipole moment and structure of molecules. 

Unit 12: Chemistry of Non-Metals – 1 

Hydrogen (unique position in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, properties, reactions and uses), Hydrides-molecular, gasoline and interstitial Oxygen (occurrence, preparation, properties and reactions, uses),simple oxides; ozone Water and hydrogen peroxide, structure of water molecule and its aggregates, physical and chemical properties of water, hard and soft water, water softening, hydrogen peroxide- preparation, properties, structure and uses. 

Nitrogen- Preparation, properties, uses, compounds of Nitrogen-Ammonia, Oxides of Nitrogen, Nitric Acid-preparation, properties and uses. 

Unit 13: Chemistry of Non-metals-II 

Boron-occurrence, isolation, physical and chemical properties, borax and boric acid, uses of boron and its compounds. 

Carbon, inorganic compounds of carbon-oxides, halides, carbides, elemental carbon. 

Silicon- occurrence, preparation and properties, oxides and oxyacids of phosphorus, chemical fertilizers. 

Sulphur – occurrence and extraction, properties and reactions, oxides, Sulphuric acid – preparation, properties and uses, sodium thiosulphate. 

Halogens- occurrence, preparation, properties, hydrogen halides, uses of halogens. 

Noble gases- discovery, occurrence and isolation, physical properties, chemistry of noble gases and their uses. 

Unit 14: Chemistry of Lighter Metals 

Sodium and Potassium- occurrence and extraction, properties and uses. Important compounds-NaCl, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NaOH, KCI,KOH. 

Magnesium and calcium-occurrence and extraction, properties and uses. Important compounds Mgcl2, MgSO4, CaO, Ca(OH)2,CaCO3, CaSO4, Plaster of Paris, Bleaching Powder. Aluminium –occurrence, extraction properties and uses, compounds-AlCI3, alums. Cement. Biological role of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium. 

Unit 15:- Heavy Metals 

Iron – Occurrence and extraction, compounds of iron, oxides, halides, sulphides, sulphate, alloy and steel. 

Copper and Silver- occurrence and extraction, properties and uses, compounds-sulphides, halides and sulphates, photography. 

Zinc and Mercury- occurrence and extraction, properties and uses, compounds-oxides, halides; sulphides and sulphates. Tin and Lead- occurrence and extraction, properties and uses, compounds-oxides, sulphides, halides. 

Unit 16: Chemistry of Representative Elements 

Periodic properties- Trends in groups and periods (a) Oxides-nature (b) Halides-melting points (c) Carbonates and sulphates-solubility. 

The chemistry of s and p block elements: electronic configuration, general characteristics properties and oxidation states of the following:- 

Group 1 elements – Alkali metals 

Group 2 elements – Alkaline earth metals 

Group 13 elements – Boron family 

Group 14 elements – Carbon family 

Group 15 elements – Nitrogen family 

Group 16 elements – Oxygen family 

Group 17 elements – Halogen family 

Group 18 elements – Noble gases & Hydrogen 

Unit 17: Transition Metals Including Lanthanides 

Electronic configuration : General characteristic properties, oxidation states of transition metals. First row transition metals and general properties of their compounds-oxides, halides and sulphides. General properties of a second and third row transition elements ( Groupwise discussion). 

Preparation and reactions, properties and uses of Potassium dichromate Potassium permanganate. 

Inner Transition Elements: General discussion with special reference to oxidation states and lanthanide contraction. 

Unit 18: Coordination Chemistry and OrganoMetallics 

Coordination compounds, Nomenclature: Isomerism in coordination compounds; Bonding Tetravalency of Carbon, Homologous series. Functional groups- – C=C-,-C C-,and groups containing halogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. General introduction to naming organic compounds-Common names and IUPAC nomenclature of aliphatic, aromatic and Cyclic Compounds. Illustration with examples of Compounds having not more than three same of different functional groups/ atoms. Isomerism- Structural and stereoisomerism (geometrical and optical). Chirality-Isomerism in Compounds having one and two chiral Centres. Enantiomers, diastereoisomers, racemic forms, racemisation & resolution. Covalent bond fission-Homolytic and Heterolytic: free radicals carbocations and  Petroleum – Hydrocarbons from Petroleum, Cracking and reforming, quality of gasoline- Octane number, gasoline additives. 

Unit 23: Organic Compound Containing Halogens 

( Haloalkanes and Haloarenes) 

Methods of preparation, physical properties and reactions. Preparation, properties and uses of Chloroform and iodoform. 

Unit 24 : Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen 

General methods of preparation, correlation of physical properties with their structures, chemical properties and uses of Alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, Ethers, aldehydes, ketones, 

General methods of preparation, correlation of physical properties with their structures, chemical properties and uses of Alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, Ethers, aldehydes, ketones, 

in coordination compounds, Werner’s coordination theory. Applications of coordination compounds. 

Unit 19: Nuclear Chemistry 

Nature of radiation from radioactive substances. Nuclear reactions; Radio-active disintegration series; Artificial transmutation of elements; Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion: Isotopes and their applications: Radiocarbon-dating. 

Unit 20: Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds 

Purification (crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, chromatography). 

Qualitative analysis, detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens. 

Quantitative analysis- estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus ( basic principles only) 

Determination of molecular mass-Silver salt method, chloroplatinate salt method 

Calculation of empirical formula and molecular formula. 

Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis, modern methods of structure elucidation. 

Unit 21: Some Basic Principles 

Classification of Organic Compounds. 

carbanions. Stability of Carbocations and free- radicals. Electrophiles and Nucleophiles. 

Electron displacement in a covalent bond- inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement reactions. Illustration with examples. 

Unit 22: Hydrocarbons 

Classification. Sources of hydrocarbons: Alkanes- General methods of preparation (from unsaturated hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids). Physical properties and reactions (Substitution), Oxidation and miscellaneous). Conformations of alkanes(ethane, propane butane) and cyclohexane, sawhorse and Newman projections)-mechanism of halogenation of alkanes. 

Alkanes and Alkynes- General methods of preparation physical properties, Chemical reactions-Mechanism of electrophilic addition reactions in alkenes-Markowni Koff’s Rule, peroxide effect. Acidic character of alkynes. Polymerisation of alkenes. 

Aromatic hydrocarbons- Benzene and its homologues, Isomerism, Chemical reactions of benzene. Structure of benzene, resonance. Directive influence of substituents. 

Petroleum – Hydrocarbons from Petroleum, Cracking and reforming, quality of gasoline- Octane number, gasoline additives. 

carboxylic acids and their derivatives, Phenol, Benzaldehyde and Benzoic acid -their important methods of preparation and reactions. Acidity of carboxylic acids and phenol effect of substituents on the acidity of carboxylic acids. 

Unit 25: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen (Cyanides, isocyanides, nitro compounds and amines) 

 

Nomenclature and classification of amines, cyanides, isocyanides, nitro compounds and their methods of preparation; correlation of their physical properties with structure, chemical reactions and uses- Basicity of amines. 

Unit 26: Synthetic and Natural Polymers 

Classification on Polymers, natural and synthetic polymers (with stress on their general methods of preparation) and important uses of the following. 

Teflon, PVC, Polystyrene, Nylon-66, terylene, Bakelite) 

Unit 27: Bio Molecules and Biological Processes 

The Cell and Energy Cycle Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides Amino acids and Peptides- Structure and classification. Proteins and Enzymes-Structure of Proteins, Role of enzymes. Nucleic Acids-DNA and RNA  Biological functions of Nucleic acids-Protein synthesis and replication. Lipids – Structure, membranes and their functions. 

Unit 28: Chemistry In Action 

Dyes, Chemicals in medicines (antipyretic, analgesic, antibiotics & tranquilisers), Rocket propellants. ( Structural formulae non-evaluative) 

Unit 29: Environmental Chemistry 

Environmental pollutants; soil, water and air pollution; major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain, Ozone and its reactions causing ozone layer depletion, effects of the depletion of ozone layer, industrial air pollution.  

 

SYLLABUS FOR B.TECH. (4YEARS)/ BIOTECHNOLOGY- DUAL DEGREE (B.TECH / M.TECH) 

MATHEMATICS 

Unit 1:- Sets, Relations and Functions 

Sets and their Representations, Union, intersection and complements of sets, and their algebraic properties, Relations, equivalence relations, mappings, one-one, into and onto mappings, composition of mappings. 

Unit 2: Complex Numbers 

Complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane. Argand diagram. Algebra of complex numbers, Modulus and Argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number. Cube roots of unity, triangle inequality. 

Unit 3: Matrices and Determinants 

Determinants and matrices of order two and three, properties of determinants, Evaluation of determinants. Area of triangles using determinants; Addition and multiplication of matrices, adjoint and inverse of matrix. Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations using determinants and matrices. 

Unit 4: Quadratic Equations 

Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions. Relation between roots and coefficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots; Symmetric functions of roots, equations reducible to quadratic equations-application to practical problems. 

Unit 5 : Permutations and Combinations 

Integral as an antiderivative. Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution, by parts and partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric 

identities. Integral as limit of a sum. Properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite integrals; Determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves. 

Standard form of the equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle in the parametric form, equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a Standard form of the equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle in the parametric form, equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a Fundamental principle of counting; Permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection, Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r). Simple applications. 

Unit 6: Binomial Theorem and Its Applications 

Binomial Theorem for a positive integral index; general term and middle term; Binomial Theorem for any index. Properties of Binomial Coefficients. Simple applications for approximations. 

 

Unit 7: Sequences and Series Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic progressions. Insertion of Arithmetic Geometric and Harmonic means between two given numbers. Relation Between A.M., G.M. and H.M. Special series: Sn,Sn2,Sn3. Arithmetico- Geometric Series, Exponential and Logarithmic series

Unit 8: Differential Calculus Polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, Inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, Continuity; differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions: differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives of order upto two. Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic-increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normals, Rolle and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems. 

Unit 9:- Integral Calculus 

Unit 10:- Differential Equations Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree. Formation of differential equations. Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables. Solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations, and those of the type  d2y = f(x) dx

Unit 12:- Two Dimensional Geometry 

Recall of Cartesian system of rectangular co- ordinates in a plane, distance formula, area of a triangle, condition of the collinearity of three points and section formula, centroid and in- centre of a triangle, locus and its equation, translation of axes, the slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes. 

The straight line and a pair of straight lines 

Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a line Equations of internal and external bisectors of angles between two lines, coordinates of centroid, orthocenter and circumcentre of a triangle, equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines, homogeneous equation of second degree in x and y, angle between pair of lines through the origin, combined equation of the bisectors of the angles between a pair of lines, condition for the general second degree equation to represent a pair of lines, point of intersection and angle between two lines. 

Circles and Family of Circles 

line and a circle with the centre at the origin and conditions for a line to be tangent to the circle, the length of the tangent, equation of the tangent, equation of a family of circles through the intersection of two circles, condition for two intersecting circles to be orthogonal. 

Conic Sections 

Sections of cones, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y = mx+c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency. 

Unit 13: Three Dimensional Geometry Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points; Section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest distance between them and its equation. Equations of a line and a plane in different forms; intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines, equation of a sphere, its centre and radius. Diameter form of the equation of a sphere. 

Unit 14: Vector Algebra 

Vectors and Scalars, addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product. Application of vectors to plane geometry. 

Unit 15: Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion 

Calculation of Mean, median and mode of grouped and ungrouped data. Calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data. 

Unit 16: Probability 

Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability and their application; Conditional probability; Bayes’ Theorem, probability distribution of a random variate; Binomial and Poisson distributions and their properties. 

Unit 17: Trigonometry 

Trigonometric identities and equations. Inverse trigonometric functions and their properties. Properties of triangles, including centroid, incentre, circum-centre and orthocenter, solution of triangles. Heights and Distances. 

 

SYLLABUS FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY- DUAL DEGREE (B.TECH / M.TECH) & B.SC.NURSING 

BIOLOGY (BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY) 

Unit : 1 Diversity in Living World 

Biology – its meaning and relevance to mankind What is living; Taxonomic categories and aids (Botanical gardens, herbaria, museums, zoological parks); Systematics and Binomial system of nomenclature. Introductory classification of living organisms (Two-kingdom system, Five- kingdom system); Major groups of each kingdom alongwith their salient features (Monera, including Archaebacteria and Cyanobacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia); Viruses; Lichens Plant kingdom – Salient features of major groups (Algae to Angiosperms); Animal kingdom – Salient features of Nonchordates up to phylum, and Chordates up to class level. 

Unit : 2 Cell : The Unit of Life ; Structure and Function 

Cell wall; Cell membrane; Endomembrane system (ER, Golgi apparatus/Dictyosome, Lysosomes, Vacuoles); Mitochondria; Plastids; Ribosomes; Cytoskeleton; Cilia and Flagella; Centrosome and Centriole; Morphology of a flowering plant; Tissues and tissue systems in plants; Anatomy and function of root, stem(including modifications), leaf, inflorescence, flower (including position and arrangement of different whorls, placentation), fruit and seed; Types of fruit; Secondary growth; Absorption and movement of water (including diffusion, osmosis and water relations of cell) and of nutrients; Translocation of food; Transpiration and gaseous exchange; Mechanism of stomatal movement. Mineral nutrition – Macro- and micro- nutrients in plants including deficiency disorders; Biological nitrogen fixation mechanism. Photosynthesis – Light reaction, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; Various 

pathways of carbon dioxide fixation; Photorespiration; Limiting factors. Respiration – Anaerobic, Fermentation, Aerobic; Glycolysis, TCA cycle; Electron transport system; Energy relations. 

Unit : 5 Structure and Function – Animals Tissues; Elementary knowledge of morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems of earthworm, cockroach and frog. Human Physiology – Digestive system – organs, digestion and absorption; Respiratory system – organs, breathing and exchange and transport of gases. Body fluids and circulation – Blood, lymph, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity; Hypertension, Coronary artery diseases. Excretion system – Urine formation, regulation of kidney function Locomotion and movement – Skeletal system, joints, muscles, types of movement. Control and coordination – Central and peripheral nervous systems, structure and function of neuron, reflex action and sensory reception; Role of various types of endocrine glands; Mechanism of hormone action. 

Unit : 6 Reproduction, Growth and Movement in Plants 

Asexual methods of reproduction; Sexual Reproduction – Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination (Types and agents); Fertilization; Development of embryo, endosperm, seed and fruit (including parthenocarpy and apomixis). Growth and Movement – Growth phases; Types of growth regulators and their role in seed dormancy, germination and movement; Apical dominance; Senescence; Abscission; 

Nucleus; Microbodies. Structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic, and between plant and animal cells. Cell cycle (various phases); Mitosis; Meiosis. Biomolecules – Structure and function of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids. Enzymes – Chemical nature, types, properties and mechanism of action. 

Unit : 3 Genetics and Evolution 

Mendelian inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Gene interaction; Incomplete dominance; Codominance; Complementary genes; Multiple alleles; Linkage and Crossing over; Inheritance patterns of hemophilia and blood groups in humans. DNA –its organization and replication; Transcription and Translation; Gene expression and regulation; DNA fingerprinting. Theories and evidences of evolution, including modern Darwinism. 

Unit : 4 Structure and Function – Plants 

pathways of carbon dioxide fixation; Photorespiration; Limiting factors. Respiration – Anaerobic, Fermentation, Aerobic; Glycolysis, TCA cycle; Electron transport system; Energy relations. 

Unit : 5 Structure and Function – Animals Tissues; Elementary knowledge of morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems of earthworm, cockroach and frog. Human Physiology – Digestive system – organs, digestion and absorption; Respiratory system – organs, breathing and exchange and transport of gases. Body fluids and circulation – Blood, lymph, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity; Hypertension, Coronary artery diseases. Excretion system – Urine formation, regulation of kidney function Locomotion and movement – Skeletal system, joints, muscles, types of movement. Control and coordination – Central and peripheral nervous systems, structure and function of neuron, reflex action and sensory reception; Role of various types of endocrine glands; Mechanism of hormone action. 

Photo- periodism; Vernalisation; Various types of movements. 

Unit : 7 Reproduction and Development in Humans 

Male and female reproductive systems; Menstrual cycle; Gamete production; Fertilisation; Implantation; Embryo development; Pregnancy and parturition; Birth control and contraception. 

Unit : 8 Ecology and Environment 

Meaning of ecology, environment, habitat and niche. Ecological levels of organization (organism to biosphere); Characteristics of Species, Population, Biotic Community and Ecosystem; Succession and Climax. Ecosystem – Biotic and abiotic components; Ecological pyramids; Food chain and Food web; Energy flow; Major types of ecosystems including agroecosystem. Ecological adaptations – Structural and physiological features in plants and animals of aquatic and desert habitats. Biodiversity – Meaning, types and conservation strategies (Biosphere reserves, National parks and Sanctuaries) Environmental Issues – Air and Water Pollution (sources and major pollutants); Global warming and Climate change; Ozone Depletion; Noise pollution; Radioactive pollution; Methods of pollution control (including an idea of bioremediation); Deforestation; Extinction of species (Hot Spots). 

Unit : 9 Biology and Human Welfare 

Animal husbandry – Livestock, Poultry, Fisheries; Major animal diseases and their 

control. Pathogens of major communicable diseases of humans caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans and helminths, and their control. Cancer; AIDS. Adolescence and drug/alcohol abuse; Basic concepts of immunology. Plant Breeding and Tissue Culture in crop improvement. Biofertilisers (green manure, symbiotic and free-living nitrogen-fixing microbes, mycorrhizae); Biopesticides (micro- organisms as biocontrol agents for pests and pathogens); Bioherbicides; Microorganisms as pathogens of plant diseases with special reference to rust and smut of wheat, bacterial leaf blight of rice, late blight of potato, bean mosaic, and root – knot of vegetables. 

Bioenergy – Hydrocarbon – rich plants as substitute of fossil fuels. 

Unit:10 Biotechnology and its Applications 

Microbes as ideal system for biotechnology; Microbial technology in food processing, industrial production (alcohol, acids, enzymes, antibiotics), sewage treatment and energy generation. Steps in recombinant DNA technology – restriction enzymes, DNA insertion by vectors and other methods, regeneration of recombinants. Applications of R-DNA technology. In human health –Production of Insulin, Vaccines and Growth hormones, Organ transplant, Gene therapy. In Industry – Production of expensive enzymes, strain improvement to scale up bioprocesses. In Agriculture – GM crops by transfer of genes for nitrogen fixation, herbicide-resistance and pest-resistance including Bt crops 

Unit 4: Fourier Series Periodic function, Fourier series, Euler’s formula, Even and odd functions, Fourier series expansions of even and odd function, half range expansion of functions, Expansion of functions with finite discontinuities. 

Unit 5: Matrix Types of matrices, algebra of matrices, rank, solution of nonhomogeneous system of equations, consistency of the system of equations, Linear independence and 

Unit 2: Dynamics 

Force proportional to displacement, free vibration, D’ Alembert’s principle, momentum and impulse. Application to principle of linear momentum to a single particle, rigid bodies and ideal systems. Application to principle of angular momentum to a single particle and rotating rigid bodies. Principle of conservation of momentum. 

Force proportional to displacement, free vibration, D’ Alembert’s principle, momentum and impulse. Application to principle of linear momentum to a single particle, rigid bodies and ideal systems. Application to principle of angular momentum to a single particle and rotating rigid bodies. Principle of conservation of momentum. 

 

SYLLABUS FOR B.TECH. (LATERAL ENTRY) 

MATHEMATICS 

Unit 1: Ordinary Differential Equation 

Differential equation of first order. Linear differential equation of second order (homogeneous and non homogeneous case). Cauchy, Euler’s equation, Application of first order differential equations (mixture problem, Newton’s law of cooling, orthogonal trajectory). Application to LCR circuits, Application to free and forced vibration of Mass spring system. 

Unit 2: Series Method 

Properties of power series, Radius of convergence of power series, Legender’s equation and Legender’s polynomial, properties of Legender’s polynomial, Gamma function, ordinary and singular point Frobenius method, Bessel’s equation and properties of Bessel’s function. 

Unit 3: Laplace Transform 

Laplace transforms of standard functions, periodic functions, Unit step function, Transforms of derivatives and integrals. Differentiation and integration of transforms, Linearity property, Inverse Laplace transform, Shifting theorems, Convolution. Application to solve differential and integral equations ( initial value problems). 

independance, solution of homogeneous system of equations. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Norm and inner product. Orthogonal and projection matrix. 

Application of eigenvalues and vectors to solve the system of homogeneous linear differential equation. 

Unit 6 : Vectors: 

Vector algebra, product of vectors, vector differentiation, vector differential operator, gradient, directional derivatives, divergence, curl, line integral, double integral, green’s theorem. 

ENGINEERING MECHANICS 

Unit 1:- Statics 

Conditions of equilibrium, the concept of free body diagram, methods of moments and solution to engineering problems. 

Friction : Static friction, ladder friction, problems with friction, Belt friction and screw jack, force analysis of plane trusses ( method of joint, method of sections, plane frames, methods of members), Parallel forces in a plane, Centre of parallel forces, Pappus Guldinus theorems, MI of plane figures, parallel axis theorem, perpendicular axis theorem, Polar MI, Principle of virtual work for a single particle, rigid bodies, ideal systems and constrained bodies. 

Unit 3: Work and Energy 

Principle of work and energy for ideal system, Conservation of energy. 

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 

Unit 1: Electrostatics Coulomb’s law, Electric charge, Potential, Field & Capacitance, Potential gradient due to spherical cylindrical and plane charges, Electric force, Flux density and permittivity. Calculation of Capacitance of spherical, coaxial, cylindrical and parallel plate condenser. Energy stored in an electric field. 

Unit 2: Electromagnetism 

Magnetic field due to current in conductor. Magnetic field intensity and Flux density. Permeability, B-H curves, Magnetisation, Concept in hysteresis. Magnetomotive force and Magnetic reluctance. 

Electrodynamic force:- Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, Eddy current, emf induced in a conductor moving in a magnetic field. Energy stored in a magnetic field. 

Unit 3: D.C. Circuit 

Current distribution in series and parallel circuit. Power and energy in electric circuit. Star-Delta conversion. Kirchoff;s law & its 

application and solve electric circuit by branch & loop current method & nodal method. Superposition theorem. 

Unit 4: A.C. Circuit 

Production of alternating current – Instantaneous, average & rms value of current and voltage. Peak factor, Form factor, Amplitude, Frequency, Phase difference, Addition and subtraction of alternating quantity. Phasor diagram, Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance, impedance and admittance- power and power factor-series and parallel circuits. Q factor-Three phase circuit. Star-Delta connection-Active and reactive power. Power measurement with one and two wattmeter methods-Calculation in RLC circuit, in series circuit. 

Unit 5: Instrument 

Construction and principle of operation- PMMC, MI and dynamometer type ammeter, voltmeter and dynamometer type wattmeter. Power factor meters. 

Unit 6: Illumination Law of illumination- Solid angle, Luminous flux, Luminous intensity, illumination brightness and luminous efficiency. 

Unit 7: Production Light 

Filament lamp, Arc lamp, Electric discharge lamps, Sodium vapour lamp, Mercury vapour lamp-Theory of electrical energy radiation. Comparison between filament lamp and fluorescent lamp. 

 

SYLLABUS FOR MCA /MCA (LE) PROGRAMME & M.SC. COMPUTER SCIENCE MATHEMATICS 

Unit 1:- Algebra of Sets : Set operations, Union, Intersection, Difference, Symmetric Difference, Complement, Venn Diagram, Cartesian products of sets, Relation and Function, Composite Function, Inverse of a Function, Equivalence Relation, Kinds of Function. 

Unit 2:- Number Systems : Real numbers (algebraic and other properties), rational and irrational numbers, Complex numbers, Algebra of complex numbers, Conjugate and square root of a complex number, cube roots of unity, De- moivre’s Theorem with simple applications. Permutation and combinations and their simple applications, Mathematical induction, Binomial Theorem. Determinants up to third order, Minors and Cofactors, Properties of determinants. Matrices up to third order, Types of Matrices. Algebra of matrices, Adjoint and inverse of a matrix. Application of determinants and matrices to the solution of linear equation ( in three unknowns) 

Unit 3:-Trigonometry : Compound angles, Multiple and Sub-multiple angles, solution of trigonometric equations, Properties of triangles, Inverse circular function. 

Unit 4:- Coordinate Geometry of Two Dimensions : Straight lines, pairs of straight lines, Circles, Equations of tangents and normals to a circle. Equations of Parabola, Ellipse and Hyperbola, Ellipse and hyperbola in simple forms and their tangents (Focus, directrix, eccentricity and latus rectum in all cases) 

Unit 5:-Coordinate Geometry of Three Dimensions: Distance and division formulae, Direction cosines and direction ratios. Projections, Angles between two planes, Angle between a line and plane. Equations of a sphere- general equation. 

Unit 6: -Vector Fundamentals, Dot and Cross product of two vectors, Scalar triple product, Simple Applications (to geometry, work and moment). 

Unit 7:-Differential Calculus : Concept of limit, continuity, Derivation of standard functions, successive differentiation, simple cases, Leibnitz Theorem, Partial differentiation, Simple cases, derivatives as rate measure, Maxima and minima, indeterminate forms, Geometrical applications such as tangents and normals to plane curves. 

Unit 8:-Integral Calculus:- Standard methods of integration ( substitution, by pars, by partial fractions etc.) Definite integrals and properties of Definite Integrals, Areas under plane curves, Differential Equations only simple cases such as 

(i) dy/dx = f(x)

(ii) dy/dx=f(x) g (y)

(iii) d2y/dx2 = f(x) and application to motions in a straight line. 

Unit 9:-Probability and Statistics : Averages (Mean, Median and Mode), Dispersion (standard deviation and variance). Definition of probability, Mutually exclusive events, Independent events, Addition theorem. 

 

COMPUTER AWARENESS Computer Basics: Organization of a Computer, Central Processing Unit (CPU), Structure of instructions in CPU, input/output devices, computer memory, back-up devices. 

 

DATA REPRESENTATION Representation of characters, integers and fractions, binary and hexadecimal representations, Binary Arithmetic : Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, simple arithmetic and two’s complement arithmetic, floating point representation of numbers, Boolean algebra, truth tables, venn diagram. 

ANALYTICAL ABILITY AND LOGICAL REASONING Questions in this section will test logical reasoning and quantitative reasoning. 

 

SYLLABUS FOR M.SC. (BIOTECHNOLOGY / APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY) 

BIOLOGY (10+2+3 Standard) 

Unit 1:- General Biology Taxonomy; Heredity; Genetic variation; Conservation; Principles of ecology; Evolution; Techniques in modern biology. 

Unit 2 :-Biochemistry and Physiology Carbohydrates; Proteins; Lipids; Nucleic acids; Enzymes; Vitamins; Hormones; Metabolism; Photosynthesis. Nitrogen Fixation, Fertilization and Osmoregulation; Nervous system; Endocrine system; Vascular system; Immune system; Digestive system, Reproductive System. 

Unit 3 :-Basic Biotechnology Tissue culture; Application of enzymes; Antigen-antibody interaction; Antibody production; Diagnostic aids. 

Unit 4 :-Molecular Biology DNA; RNA; Replication; Transcription; Translation; Proteins; Lipids; Membranes; Gene transfer. 

Unit 5:-Cell Biology Cell cycle; Cytoskeletal elements; Mitochondria; Endoplasmic reticulum; chloroplast; Golgi apparatus; Signaling. 

Unit 6:-Microbiology Isolation; Cultivation; Characterization and enumeration of virus; Bacteria; Fungi; Protozoa; Pathogenic microorganisms. 

 

CHEMISTRY (10+2+3 Standard) 

Unit 1 :-Atomic Structure Bohr’s theory and Schrodinger wave equation; Periodicity in properties;Chemical bonding; Properties of s, p, d and f block elements; Complex formation; Coordination compounds; Chemical equilibria; Chemical 

thermodynamics (first and second law); Chemical kinetics (zero, first, second and third order reactions); Photochemistry; 

Electrochemistry; Acid-base concepts; Stereochemistry of carbon compounds; Inductive, Electromeric, conjugative effects and resonance. 

Unit 2 :-Chemistry of Functional Groups Hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines and their derivatives; Aromatic hydrocarbons, halides, nitro and amino compounds, phenols, diazonium salts, carboxylic and sulphonic acids; Mechanism of organic reaction; Soaps and detergents; Synthetic polymers; Biomolecules- amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates (polysaccharides); Instrumental techniques – chromatography (TLC, HPLC), electrophoresis, UV-Vis-IR and NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, etc.

 

MATHEMATICS (10+2 Standard) 

Sets, Relations and Functions, Mathematical Induction, Logarithms, Complex numbers, Linear and Quadratic equations, Sequences and Series, Trigonometry, Cartesian System of Rectangular Coordinates, Straight lines and Family, Circles, Conic Sections, Permutations and Combinations, Binomial Theorem, Exponential and Logarithmic Series, Mathematical Logic, Statistics, Three Dimensional Geometry, Vectors, Stocks, Shares and Debentures, Average and Partition Values, Index numbers, Matrices and Determinants, Boolean Algebra, Probability, Functions, limits and Continuity, Differentiation, Application of Derivatives, Definite and Indefinite Integrals, Differential Equations, Elementary Statics and Dynamics, Partnership, Bill of Exchange, Linear Programming, Annuities, Application of Calculus in Commerce and Economics. 

 

PHYSICS (10+2 Standard) 

Physical World and Measurement, Kinematics, Laws of Motion, Work, Energy and Power Electrostatics, Current electricity, Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism, Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current, Electromagnetics waves, Optics, Dual Nature of Matter and Radiations, Atomic Nucleus, Solids and Semiconductor Devices, Principles of Communication, Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body, Gravitation, Mechanics of Solids and Fluids, Heat and Thermodynamics, Oscillations, Waves. 

Business Studies 12th Previous Year Question Paper 2017 (CBSE)

Business Studies

Q.1. Give the meaning of ‘supervision’ as an element of directing.

Ans. Supervision means overseeing the employees at work to ensure optimum utilization of resources and achievements of work targets.

OR

Ans. Supervision means instructing, observing monitoring and guiding the efforts of the subordinates for the achievement of work targets in the desired manner.

 

Q.2. Differentiate between ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ organization on the basis of ‘flow of communication’.

Ans. In a formal organisation, communication takes place through the scalar chain while in an informal organisation flow of communication is not through a planned route. It can take place in any direction.

 

Q.3. Why is ‘Aptitude Test’ conducted in the process of selection?

Ans. Aptitude test is conducted to measure an individual’s potential for learning new skills.

 

Q.4. Bhagwati Enterprises is a company engaged in the marketing of air-conditioners of a famous brand. The company has a functional structure with the four main functions- Purchase, Sales, Finance and Staffing. As the demand for the product grew, the company decided to recruit more employees. Identify the concept which will help the Human resource Manager to find out the number and type of personnel available so that he could decide and recruit the required number of persons for each department.

 

Q.5. Isha Machines was a renowned name for quality sewing machines since 1960. Mr Suresh, the owner of Isha Machines was worried as the production had declined during the last three months. He directed the production Manager to find out the reason. The production Manager ordered the different supervisors to prepare a performance report of the workers working under them. Identify the step taken by the production Manager that is related to one of the functions of management.

Ans. Measurement of actual performance.

 

Q.6. What is meant by ‘Capital Structure’?

Ans. The capital structure means the proportion of debt and equity used for financing the operations of a business.

OR

Ans. It refers to the mix between owner’s funds and borrowed funds.

 

Q.7. Sika Ltd., a reputed industrial machines manufacturer, needs Rupees twenty crores as additional capital to expand the business. Mr.Amit Joshi, the chief Executive officer (CEO) of the company wants to raise funds through equity. The finance Manager, Mr. Narender Singh, suggested that the shares may be sold to investing public through intermediaries, as the same will be less expensive. Name the method through which the company decided to raise additional capital.

Ans. Offer for Sale.

 

Q.8.  Mansi took her niece, Ridhima, for shopping to ‘Mega Stores’ to buy her a bag for her birthday. She was delighted when on payment of the bag she got a pencil box along with the bag free of cost. Identify the technique of sales promotion used by the company.

Ans. Product Combination

 

Q.9. Explain briefly ‘Unity of Direction’ and ‘Order’ as principles of general management.

Ans.

Unity of Direction

  • Unity of direction states that all the units of an organisation should be moving towards the same objectives through coordinated and focussed efforts.
  • Each group of activities having the same objective must have one head and one plan.

Order

  • It states that there should be a place for everything and everyone in an organization and that thing or person should be found in its allotted place.
  • People and materials must be in suitable places at appropriate time for maximum efficiency.

 

Q.10. State any three features of planning.  

Ans. Features of planning: (Any three)

(i) Focuses on achieving objective

It focuses on achieving organisational objectives as specific goals are set out in the plans along with the activities to be undertaken to achieve the goals.

(ii) Primary function of management 

It is the primary function of management as it lays down the basis for all other functions of management.

(iii) Pervasive

It is pervasive as it is required in all organisations, at all levels and in all departments.

(iv) Continuous

It is continuous because a plan is framed and implemented for a specific periods of time and is followed by another plan and so on.

(v) Futuristic

It is futuristic as it involves looking ahead and preparing for the future based on forecasting which involves anticipating future events and drawing plans accordingly.

(vi) Involves decision making

Planning involves decision making as a manager has to make a choice from among the various alternative courses of action.

(vii) Mental exercise

It is a mental exercise as it is intellectual activity of thinking rather than doing requiring application of mind involving foresight, intelligent imagination and sound judgement.

 

(If an examinee has not given the heading, no marks are to be deducted)

(If an examinee has given only the headings heading should be awarded)

 

Q.11.  Explain briefly any three semantic barriers to communication.

Ans. Semantic barriers to communication: (Any three)

(a) Badly expressed message.

(b) Symbols with different meanings.

(c) Faulty translations.

(d) Unclarified assumptions.

(e) Technical jargon.

(f) Body language and gesture decoding.

(If an examinee has not given the headings as above but has explained correctly, no marks may be deducted)

 

Q.12. Ramanath Ltd.is dealing in import of organic food items in bulk. The company sells the items in smaller quantities in attractive packages. Performance of the company has been up to the expectations in the past. Keeping up with the latest packaging technology, the company decided to upgrade its machinery. For this, the Finance Manager of the company, Mr. Vikrant Dhull, estimated the amount of funds required and the 6 timings. This will help the company in linking the investment and the financing decisions on a continuous basis.

Therefore, Mr.Vikrant Dhull began with the preparation of a sales forecast for the next four years. He also collected the relevant data about the profit estimates in the coming years. By doing this, he wanted to be sure about the availability of funds from the internal sources. For the remaining funds he is trying to find out alternative sources. Identify the financial concept discussed in the above paragraph. Also state any two points of importance of the financial concept, so identified.

Ans. Financial Planning

Importance of Financial planning (any two):

(a) It helps the company to prepare for the future by forecasting what may happen in the future under different business situations.

(b) It helps in avoiding business shocks and surprises. 

(c) It helps in co-ordinating various business functions by providing clear policies and procedures.

(d) It helps in reducing waste, duplication of efforts, gaps in planning and confusion.

(e) It links the present with the future.

(f) It provides a link between investment and financing decisions.

(g) It serves as a control technique as it makes evaluation of actual performance easier.

 

Q.13.  Hemant, Guddu and Toshita were friends from college days and presently they were doing different kinds of business. They regularly meet and discuss their business ideas, and exchange notes on customer satisfaction, marketing efforts, product designing, selling techniques, social concerns, etc.

 

In one of such meetings, Hemant drew the attention of Guddu and Toshita towards the exploitation of consumers. He told that most of the seller were exploiting the consumers in various ways and were not paying attention towards the social , ethical and ecological aspects of marketing ,whereas he was not doing so. Guddu told that they were under pressure to satisfy the consumers but stated that the 7 consumers would not buy or not buy enough unless they were adequately convinced and motivated for the same.

Toshita stressed that a company cannot achieve its objectives without satisfying the needs of the customers. It was the duty of the businessmen to keep consumer satisfaction in mind, because business is run by the resources made available by the society. She further stated that she herself was taking into consideration the needs of the customers. 

Identify the various types of thinking that guided Hemant , Guddu and Toshita in the marketing efforts of their business. Also, state one more feature each of the various types of thinking identified that is not given in the above paragraph. 

Ans. Various types of thinking that guided the marketing efforts were:

Hemant 

Societal Marketing concept

Feature of Societal marketing concept: (Any one)

(i) It takes care of long term well being of the consumers as well as the society.

(ii) It uses integrated marketing as a means to achieve the objective.

(iii) Its objective is to earn profits through customer satisfaction and social welfare.

(iv) The marketing efforts start from the identification of needs of the target market and the society.

Guddu 

Selling concept

Feature of Selling concept: (Any one)

(i) It uses aggressive selling and promotional techniques like advertising, personal selling and sales promotion to achieve the objective.

(ii) It involves pushing the sale of existing products.

(iii) Its objective is to earn profits through increased volume of sales.

(iv) The marketing efforts start after the product is produced in the factory.

Toshita

Marketing concept

Feature of Marketing concept: (Any one)

(i) It involves development of products for satisfying needs of the target market better than the competitors. 

(ii) Its focus is on satisfaction of customers needs.

(iii) It uses integrated marketing as a means to achieve the objective.

(iv) The marketing efforts start from the identification of needs of the target market.

 

Q.14 Rishitosh Mukerjee has recently joined AMV Ltd, a company manufacturing referigerators. He found that his department was under-staffed and other departments were not cooperating with his department for smooth functioning of the organization. Therefore, he ensured that his department has the required number of employees and its cooperation with other departments is improved.

(a) Identify the level at which Rishitosh Mukerjee was working.

(b) Also, state three more functions required to be performed by Rishitosh Mukerjee at this level.

Ans. Middle level 

Functions required to be performed by Rishitosh Mukerjee: (Any three)

1. To interpret the policies framed by the top management.

2. To ensure that their department has the necessary personnel.

3. To assign necessary duties and responsibilities to the employees of their respective departments for implementation of the plan.

4. To motivate employees of their respective departments to achieve the desired objectives.

5. To co-operate with other departments for smooth functioning of the organisation.

(Or any other correct function)

Q.15.  Sanket, after completing his entrepreneurship course from U.S.A . returned to India and started a coffee shop ‘Fioma Coffee’ in a famous mall in Mumbai. The specialty of the coffee shop was the special aroma of coffee and a wide variety of flavours to choose from. Somehow, the business was neither profitable nor popular. Sanket was keen to find out the reason. He appointed Riya , an MBA from a reputed management institute as a manager to find out the causes of the business not doing well.

Riya, took a feedback from the clients and found out that though they loved the special unique aroma of coffee but were not happy with the long waiting time being taken to process the order. She analysed and found out that there were many unnecessary obstructions which could be eliminated. She fixed a standard time for processing the order. She also realized that there were many flavours whose demand was not enough. So, she also decided to discontinue the sale of such flavours .As a result, within a short period Riya was able to attract the Customers. Identify and explain any two techniques of scientific management used by Riya to solve the problem. 

Ans. Techniques of Scientific management used by Riya to solve the problem were: (Any two)

(i) Motion Study

  •  Meaning: It is a technique to study the movements that are necessary for doing a well defined job.
  •  It seeks to eliminate unnecessary and wasteful movements so that it takes less time to complete a job efficiently.

(i) Time Study

  • Meaning: It is a technique to determine the standard time taken by a worker of reasonable skill and efficiency to perform a well-defined job.
  • It helps in deciding the number of workers to be employed, frame suitable incentive schemes and determine labour costs.

(ii) Simplification of Work

  • Meaning: It is a technique to eliminate superfluous varieties, sizes and dimensions of products.
  • It leads to reduced inventories, fuller utilization of equipment and increased turnover to reduce costs.

(If an examinee has written ‘Standardisation and Simplification of Work’ instead of ‘Simplification of Work’, full credit be given)

 

Q.16.  Give the meaning of ‘Strategy’ and ‘Rule’ as types of plans.

Ans. Strategy

A strategy is a comprehensive plan for accomplishing an organisation’s objectives taking business environment into consideration. It provides broad contours of an organsiation’s business and refers to future decisions defining the organisation’s direction and scope in the long run.

Rule

  • A rule is a statement that specifies what is to be done or not to be done. It is a guide to behaviour.
  • A rule does not allow for any flexibility or discretion and prescribes a penalty for violation.

 

Q.17.  Explain briefly ‘Casual Callers’ and ‘Labour Contractors’ as external sources of recruitment.

Ans. Casual callers

  •  It is an external source of recruitment in which a list of job seekers is prepared and screened to fill the vacancies as they arise, from the database of unsolicited applications kept in the office.
  •  It reduces the cost of recruitment. 

Labour Contractor

  •  It is an external source of recruitment in which a Labour Contractor maintains close contacts with labourers and provides the required number of unskilled workers at short notice.
  • Labour contractors who recruit the workers are employees of the organisation who recruit the workers.

 

Q.18.  These days, the development of a country is also judged by its system of transferring finance from the sector where it is in surplus to the sector where it is needed the most. To give strength to the economy, SEBI is undertaking measures to develop the capital market. In addition to this , there is another market in which unsecured and short-term debt instruments are actively traded every day. The semarkets together help the savers and investors in directing the available funds into their most productive investment opportunity.

(a) Name the function being performed by the market in the above case.

(b) Name the market segment other than the capital market segment in which unsecured and short-term debt instruments are traded.

Also, give any three points of difference between the two.

Ans. (a) Mobilisation of savings and channeling them into the most productive uses/ Allocative function.

(b) Money market 

Difference between Capital Market and Money Market: (Any three)

Basis Money Market Capital Market
(i) Participants The participants are RBI, financial institutions, banks, corporates, The participants are financial institutions,banks, corporates, foreign investors and retail investors.
(ii) Instruments Instruments traded are treasury bill, Instrumentstraded are shares, commercial paper,certificates of deposit, callmoney and commercial bill, debentures andbonds.
(iii) Safety Money market securities are comparatively safer. Capital market securities are riskier than money market instruments.
(iv) Expected return Money market securities yield comparatively lessreturn. Generally yield a higher return than money marketinstruments.
(v) Investment outlay Money market securities have a large investmentoutlay Capital market securities have small investmentoutlay
(vi)Duration Money market deals in short term securities whose period of maturityis upto one year. Capital market deals in medium term and longterm securities with period of maturity of morethan one year.
(vii) Liquidity Money market securities are comparatively more liquid. Capital market securities are comparatively less liquid.

 

Q.19. Avdhesh is the Managing Director of Delta Ltd.

The company had established a good name for itself and had been doing well. It was known for timely completion of orders. The production Manager, Ms. Priyanka was efficiently handling the processing of orders and had a team of ten motivated employees working under her. Everything was going on well.

Unfortunately, Priyanka met with an accident. Avdhesh knew that in the absence of Priyanka, the company may not be able to meet the deadlines. He also knew that not meeting the deadlines may lead to customer dissatisfaction with the risk of loss of business and goodwill. So, he had a meeting with his employees in which accurate and speedy processing of orders was planned. Everybody agreed to work as 13 a team because the behaviour of Avdhesh was positive towards the employees of the organisation. Everyone put in extra time and efforts and the targets were met on time. Not only this, Avdhesh visited Priyanka and advised her to take adequate rest.

(a) Identify the leadership style of Avdhesh and draw a diagram depicting the style.

(b) Also, identify any two values highlighted by the behaviour of Avdhesh.

Ans. (a) Leadership Style- Democratic/ Participative/ group centered.

In the above diagram, A is the leader and B, C, D and E are subordinates.

(b) Values highlighted by the behaviour of Avdhesh are:

(i) Teamwork/ Team spirit

(ii) Good behaviour in human interaction

(or any other correct value)

Q.20.  Nandrachal Networks and Technologies Ltd. is a leader in technology innovation in U.S.A. creating products and solutions for a connected world. It has a large Research and development team which invented the first smart watch W-I, which besides showing the time would also monitor few health parameters like heart beat, blood pressure, etc. While in search of markets abroad, the company found that in India, the reform process was underway with the aim of accelerating the pace of economic growth. The company decided to take 14 advantage of the fact that licensing requirements had been abolished. The company was also aware that there had been increased level of interaction and interdependence among the various nations of the world and India could be made a base for its international trade. It set up its office in Gujarat with a view to capture the Indian market. In a short span of time, the company emerged as a market leader. Success of the company attracted many other players to enter the market. Competition resulted in reduction in prices, thereby benefitting the customers.

(a) In the above paragraph, two major concepts related to government policy have been discussed. Identify and explain those concepts.

(b) Also, explain briefly any three impacts of those concepts on Indian business and industry.

Ans. (a) Two major concepts related to government policy are:

(i) Liberalisation

Liberalisation means removal of unnecessary controls and restrictions on business.

(ii) Globalisation

Globalisation means integrating the various economies of the world leading towards the emergence of a cohesive global economy.

(b) Impact of these concepts on Indian business and industry: (Any three)

(i) Increasing competition

(ii) More demanding customers

(iii) Rapidly changing technological environment

(iv) Necessity for change

(v) Need for developing human resources.

(vi) Market orientation

(vii) Loss of budgetary support to the public sector.

(If an examinee has not given the headings as above but has explained correctly, no marks may be deducted)

 

Q.21.  State any five points that highlight the importance of controlling.

Ans. Importance of controlling (any five):

(a) Accomplishing organisational goals

It helps in accomplishing organisational goals by bringing to light, deviations if any and indicating corrective action.

(b) Making efficient use of resources

It helps in making efficient use of resources by ensuring that each activity is performed in accordance with pre determined standards.

(c) Ensuring order and discipline

It ensures order and discipline among employees by keeping a close check on their activities.

(d) Improving employee motivation

It improves employee motivation as the employees’ know well in advance the standards of performance on the basis of which they will be appraised.

(e) Judging accuracy of standards

It helps in judging accuracy of standards in the light of changes taking place in the organisation and in the environment.

(f) Facilitating coordination in action

It facilitates coordination in action as each employee and department in governed by pre-determined standards which are well coordinated with one another.

(If an examinee has not given the heading, no marks are to be deducted)

(If an examinee has given only the headings, heading should be awarded)

 

Q.22. ‘RO Youth Club’ organised a visit of its members to an Old Age Home to inculcate the habit of social work among them. The visit revealed that the living conditions of the inmates of the Old Age Home were not hygienic. So, the RO Youth Club members decided to clean the premises. During their cleanliness drive, they realised that the Old Age Home also required pest control. But some of the 16 inmates of the Old Age Home were reluctant for it because they believed that the pest control may create health problems for them. RO Youth Club, therefore, decided to provide ethical, safe and odourless pest control. They showed to the inmates of the Old Age Home a pamphlet of the proposed pest control product which promised easy, inexpensive and long-lasting pest control. The inmates happily agreed and the pest control was carried out. The effect of the pest control started wearing off after a fortnight. RO Youth Club contacted the pest control company which kept on postponing their visit. After waiting for a month, RO Youth Club filed a case in the consumer court.

The consumer court was satisfied about the genuineness of the complaint and issued necessary directions to the pest control company.

(a) State any six directions that might have been issued by the court.

(b) Identify any two values that are being communicated by RO Youth Club to the society.

Ans. (a) Directions that might have been issued by the court: (Any six)

(i) To remove the deficiency in service.

(ii) To refund the price paid for the service provided.

(iii) To pay a reasonable amount of compensation for any loss suffered by the inmates of old age home.

(iv) To pay punitive damages.

(v) To discontinue the unfair/ restrictive trade practice and not to repeat the same in future.

(vi) To pay any amount (not less than 5% of the value of the service provided) to be credited to the Consumer Welfare Fund or any other organisation/person, to be utilised in the prescribed manner.

(vii) To issue corrective advertisement to neutralize the effect of misleading pamphlet.

(xii) To pay adequate costs to RO Youth Club

(b) Values that are being communicated by RO Youth

Club to the society are: (Any two)

(i) Sensitivity towards the environment.

(ii) Respect for the elderly.

(iii) Cleanliness and hygiene.

(iv) Concern for health of people.

 

Q.23. Anoop Gaur started ‘Cat’s Eye’, a company for providing cyber security solutions to businesses. Its objective to prevent, detect, respond to cyber attacks and protect critical data. He was a hardworking software engineer and an expert in cyber security. His reputation grew by leaps and bounds as he was not only a person of integrity but also did his work with utmost honesty and sincerity. The business started growing day by day. He was delighted when he was offered a big project by the Ministry of Science and Technology. While working on the project he found that the volume of work made it impractical for him to handle all the work by himself. Therefore he decided to expand the team. The company maintained a close liaison with an engineering college in the State. During a campus placement, Aarav and Pranshi were appointed to work for the new project.

He found the new employees capable, enthusiastic and trustworthy. Anoop Gaur was thus, able to focus on the objectives and with the help of Aarav and Pranshi, the project was completed on time. Not only this, Anoop Gaur was also able to extend his area of operations. On the other hand, Aarav and Pranshi also got opportunities to develop and exercise initiative.

(a) Identify and explain briefly the concept used by Anoop Gaur in the above case which helped him in focussing on the objectives.

(b) Also, explain any four points of importance of the concept identified in part (a).

Ans. Delegation.

Delegation is the transfer of authority from superior to subordinate, entrustment of responsibility and creation of accountability for performance which helps a manager to extend his area of operations.

(or any other relevant explanation)

Importance of delegation: (Any four)

(i) Effective management.

(ii) Employee development.

(iii) Motivation of employees.

(iv) Growth facilitation.

(v) Better co-ordination.

(vi) Creation of management hierarchy.

(If an examinee has not given the headings as above but has explained correctly, no marks may be deducted)

 

Q.24. Explain briefly any four factors that affect the working capital requirements of a company.

Ans. Factors affecting requirements of working capital (any four):

1. Nature of Business

2. Scale of Operations

3. Business Cycle

4. Seasonal Factors

5. Production Cycle

6. Credit Allowed

7. Credit Availed

8. Operating Efficiency

9. Availability of Raw Material

10. Growth Prospects

11. Level of Competition

12. Inflation

(If an examinee has not given the headings as above but has explained correctly, no marks may be deducted)

 

Q.25. Medi Instruments Ltd. is a company dealing in the distribution of medical instruments. The company recently imported 15000 units of sugar testing machines to test the sugar levels without taking blood samples. For deciding the marketing strategy, the Chief Executive Officer of the company called a meeting of the marketing heads of different zones.

In the meeting, Sanjay, the North Zone Marketing Head, suggested that since the machines were sophisticated they need to visit hospitals personally to explain its working to the hospital staff wo wouldbe using the machines. He also suggested that additional trained people may be recruited for the same. Hitesh, another Zonal Head, added that since 19 lot of money had been spent on the import of the machines, the company was short of funds to pay the additional staff, as suggested by Sanjay. Revansh, a newly appointed Zonal Head of South Zone, suggested that since the size of the order was not large, a detailed study of the factors determining the choice of channels of distribution was required before making the right choice.

(a) Identify the factors influencing the choice of channels of distribution which were discussed in the meeting.

(b) Also, explain briefly the other considerations to be taken care of in each factor identified in part (a).

Ans. (a) Factors affecting choice of channels of distribution which were discussed in the meeting:

(i) Product related factors

(ii) Company characteristics

(iii) Market related factors

(b) Other considerations to be taken care of in each of the factors identified above are:

(i) Product related factors: (Any one)

  • Nature of the product.
  • Perishability of Product.
  • Unit value of Product.

(ii) Company characteristics:

  • Degree of control over channel members

(iii) Market related factors: (Any one)

  • Geographical concentration of potential buyers.
  • Size of the market.

 

SET-II

Q.9. Explain briefly ‘Initiative’ and ‘Esprit de Corps’, as principles of general management.

Ans. 

Initiative

  • It states that the workers should be encouraged to develop and carry out their plans for improvement in the organisation.
  • It does not mean going against the established practices of the company for the sake of being different.

Esprit de Corps

  • It states that management should promote a team spirit of unity and harmony among employees to realise organisational objectives.
  • The manager should replace ‘I’ with ‘We’ to foster team spirit.
  • This will give rise to a spirit of mutual trust and belongingness among team members. It will also minimise the need for using penalties.

 

Q.10. State any three points of importance of planning.

Ans. Importance of planning (any three):

(i) Provides directions

Planning provides directions by deciding in advance what action should be taken.

(ii) Reduces the risks of uncertainty

Planning reduces the risks of uncertainty by anticipating changes and developing managerial responses to them.

(iii) Reduces overlapping and wasteful activities

Planning reduces overlapping and wasteful activities by coordinating the activities of different divisions.

(iv) Promotes innovative ideas

Planning promotes innovative ideas requiring application of mind and foresight.

(v) Facilitates decision making

Planning facilitates decision making by making a choice from among the alternative courses of action.

(vi) Establishes standards for controlling

Planning establishes standards against which actual performance is measured.

(If an examinee has not written the headings, no mark should be deducted.)

(If an examinee has given only the headings, 1⁄2 mark for each heading should be awarded.)

 

Q.11. Explain briefly any three organisational barriers to communication.

Ans. Organisational barriers: (Any three)

(i) Organisational policy.

(ii) Rules and regulations.

(iii) Status.

(iv) Complexity in organisational structure.

(v) Organisational facilities.

(If an examinee has not given the headings as above but has explained correctly, no marks may be deducted)

Q.16.  Give the meaning of ‘policy’ and ‘Budget’ as types of plans.

Ans. Policy

Policy is a general guideline that guides thinking or channelises energies towards a particular direction. It defines the broad parameters within which a manager may function. It brings uniformity in decision making and action for interpretation of strategy.

Budget

A budget is a statement of expected results for a given future period expressed in numerical terms from where deviations can be taken care of. It is a fundamental planning instrument as making a budget involves forecasting.

 

Q.22. Describe briefly the steps in the process of controlling.

Ans. Steps in the process of controlling:

(i) Setting performance standards

(ii) Measuring actual performance

(iii) Comparing actual performance with standards

(iv) Analysing deviations

• Critical Point Control

• Management by Exception

(v) Taking corrective action

(If an examinee has not written the steps in the correct sequence, 1⁄2 mark is to be deducted)

(If an examinee has not given the headings as above but has explained/described correctly, no marks may be deducted)

 

Q.23. Explain briefly any four factors that affect the fixed capital requirements of a company.

Ans. Factors affecting fixed capital requirements of a company: (Any four)

1. Nature of business.

2. Scale of operations.

3. Choice of technique.

4. Growth prospects.

5. Technology upgradation.

6. Diversification.

7. Financing alternatives.

8. Level of collaboration.

(If an examinee has not given the headings as above but has explained correctly, no marks may be deducted)

 

SET-III

Q.11. Explain briefly ‘Remuneration of Employees’ and ‘Scalar Chain’ as principles of general management.

Ans. 

Remuneration of employees

  • It states that the remuneration of employees should be just and equitable.
  • Employees should be paid fair wages, which should give them at least a reasonable standard of living. At the same time it should be within the paying capacity of the company.

Scalar Chain:

  • It refers to chain of authority and communication that runs from top to bottom and should be followed by the managers and the subordinates.
  • For example- There is one head A who has two lines of authority under him, B-C-D and L-M-N. If C has to communicate with M who is at the same level of
  • authority, then he has to transverse the route D-C-B-A-L-M-N due to the principle of scalar chain.

However, if there is an emergency, then C can directly contact M through gang plank.

  •  

 

Q.12. State any three limitations of planning.

Ans. Limitations of planning: (Any three)

(i) Leads to rigidity

Planning leads to rigidity because once a well defined plan is drawn, the managers may not be in a position to change it with the changed circumstances.

(ii) May not work in a dynamic environment

Planning may not work in a dynamic environment as the environment in which a business operates keeps on changing and planning may not foresee everything.

(iii) Reduces creativity

Planning reduces creativity as middle management and other decision makers are neither allowed to deviate from plans nor are they permitted to act on their own.

(iv) Involves huge costs

Huge costs are involved in formulating the plans andsometimes costs incurred may not justify the benefit derived from the plan.

 

(v) Time consuming process

Planning is time consuming as checking accuracy of facts may involve lot of time and sometimes not much time is left for its implementation.

(vi) Does not guarantee success

Planning does not guarantee success as managers have a tendency to rely on previously tried and tested successful plans which may create a false sense of security and lead to failure.

(If an examinee has not given the heading, no marks are to be deducted)

(If an examinee has given only the heading, 1⁄2 mark for each heading should be awarded)

 

Q.13. Explain briefly any three personal barriers to communication.

Ans. Personal barriers to effective communication are:(Any three)

(i) Fear of challenge to authority.

(ii) Lack of confidence of superior on his subordinates.

(iii) Unwillingness to communicate.

(iv) Lack of proper incentives.

(If an examinee has not given the headings as above but has explained correctly, no marks may be deducted)

 

Q.14. Give the meaning of ‘Objectives’ and ‘Procedure’ as types of plans.

Ans. Objectives

Objectives are the end points which are numerically expressed, that the management seeks to achieve within a given time period. These are set by the top management and focus on broad general issues. They serve as a guide for overall business planning.

Procedure

It consists of sequence of routine steps performed in a chronological order to carry out activities within a broad policy framework. It details the exact manner in which any work is to be performed.

 

 

Q.22. Explain briefly the relationship between controlling and planning.

Ans. Ans. Relationship between planning and controlling: (With explanation)

(i) Controlling takes place on the basis of standards developed by planning because if the standards are not set in advance, managers have nothing to control.

(ii) Planning without controlling is meaningless because once a plan becomes operational, controlling ensures that events conform to the plans.

(iii) Planning is prescriptive whereas controlling is evaluative because planning prescribes an appropriate course of action while controlling evaluates whether decisions have been translated into desired actions.

(iv) Planning and controlling both are forward looking because while plans are prepared for the future, controlling seeks to improve the future on the basis of

the past experience.

(v) Planning and controlling are both looking back because, while planning is guided by past experiences, controlling compares the actual performance with the standards.

(In case the candidate has not given the relationship in the form of points but has explained all the points in his answer, full credit be given)

 

Q.23. Explain briefly any four factors that affect the choice of capital structure of a company.

Ans. Following are the factors affecting the choice of capital structure of a company: (any four)

(i) Cash flow position

(ii) Interest coverage ratio

(iii) Debt service coverage Ratio

(iv) Return on Investment

(v) Cost of debt

(vi) Tax rate

(vii) Cost of equity

(viii) Floatation costs

(ix) Fixed operating costs

(x) Risk consideration

(xi) Flexibility

(xii) Control

(xiii) Regulatory framework

(xiv) Stock market conditions

(xv) Capital structure of other companies

(If an examinee has not given the headings as above but has explained correctly, no marks may be deducted)

 

 

Sociology 12th Previous Year Question Paper 2019 (CBSE)

Sociology

Q.1. What is social about social inequality? 

Answer: Social inequality is social as it is :

  1. Not about individuals but groups.
  2. Not economic thought a link is usually found between social and economic inequality.
  3. Systematic and structured, which means there is a definite pattern to social inequality.

 

Q.2. In what ways can status symbols be identified? 

Answer: The status symbol is perceived as a visible, external denotation of one’s social position in terms of economic or social status. Many luxury goods are often considered status symbols.

For example brand of a cell phone, model of a car, brand of a watch, etc. The term status symbol was coined by Max Weber.

 

Q.3. How does India benefit from a demographic dividend? 

OR

Q.3. State the importance of demographic data.

Answer: According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the Demographic Dividend refers to “the economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age structure, mainly when the share of the working-age population (15 to 64) is larger than the non-working-age share of the population (14 and younger, and 65 and older).” There is a great influence of demographic dividend on economic growth because the demographic dividend is the economic benefit that can arise when a population has a relatively large proportion of working age people, and effectively invests in their empowerment, education and employment. This simply means that because most of the citizens are working, economic growth goes up.

OR

Answer: Importance of demographic data is :

  • It helps in analysing and keeping a check on the health status and ratio of a particular place.
  • Demographic data is important for planning and implementation of state policies, especially those for economic development and general public welfare.

 

Q.4. With the help of an example, highlight the concept of participatory democracy. 

Answer: Participatory democracy is direct democracy. It means that all citizens are actively involved in all sorts of important decisions related to the country.

Example : Participating in a democracy by voting allows the citizens of the nation, to make changes to the country’s administration and put forward their collective thoughts. A free press is another part of a larger freedom because it gives citizens the right to be informed.

 

Q.5. Economist and others have often made a distinction between the organised or formal and the unorganised or informal sector. Justify. 

Answer: 

 

Q.6. ‘Social movements also develop distinct modes of protests.’ What are these ? 

Answer: Social movement activists hold meetings to mobilise people around the issues that concern them.

They also include campaigns like lobbying with the government, media and other important makers of public opinion.

Candle march and torchlight processions, use of black cloth, street theatres, songs, poetry etc. are other distinct methods of protests.

 

Q.7. ‘Federal system has worked fairly well, though there remain many contentious issues.’ Mention any two issues. 

OR

Q.7. How can commitment to the protection of minorities also be a challenge to the State. 

Answer: Following are the issues that India still faces :

  • Increasing inter regional, economic and infrastructural inequalities.
  • The states are not developed in some uniform manner, some are well developed while some to receive attention. This creates discord among the citizens and a feeling of alienation.
  • The market economy tends to increase the gap between developed and backward classes. The rich tend to get richer while the poor tend to get poorer.

OR

Answer: States will always be held accountable for their compliance with human rights, but they also need to create conditions for releasing those rights :

  • To maintain that kind of environment in state which makes them comfortable to live in society is a challenge.
  • Most states fear that recognizing such differences will result in social fragmentation.
  • States which respect minority rights and appeal for secession face challenges in terms of communal tensions which arise often. Altercations along with the insecurity in the majority community begins to develop.

 

Q.8. What do you understand by ascriptive identities ? 

OR

Q.8. Identify the religious diversity found in India.

Answer: It is a community identity based on the birth and belonging rather than on some form of acquired qualification or accomplishment. It is an identity with one’s present and has nothing to bear with the future. These are determined by the accidents of birth and do not involve any choice on . the part of the individual concerned.

OR

Answer: India is characterised by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. India is a secular state with no state religion. Hindus constitute an overwhelming majority in India; they number about 828 millions and account for 80.5% of the total population according to the 2001 Census. The Hindu population is four times larger than the combined population of all other minority religions, and about six times larger than the largest minority group, the Muslims.

The Muslims are numbered 138 million and were 13.4% of the population in 2001. Christians constitute around 2.3% of the population (24 million) and are scattered all over. The Sikhs constitute 1.9% of the population (19 million). There are also several other small religious groups—Buddhists (8 million, 0.8%), Jains (4 million, 0.4%) and ‘Other Religions and Persuasions’ (under 7 million, 0.7%). Religious diversity and religious tolerance are both established in the country by law and custom. The constitution of India has declared the right to freedom of religion as a fundamental right.

 

Q.9. In response to the harsh working conditions workers have expressed anger through trails unions. Differentiate between strike and lockout in the light of the above statement. 

Answer: Strike is a weapon in the armoury of the working class to fight collectively and to create pressure on the employer. It is used by the labour class to safeguard their interests, both economic and cultural.

Lockout is an Act by the employer by which his industrial establishment is temporarily closed to suppress the demands of his employees and make them resume duties at terms and conditions dictated by him.

 

Q.10. ‘Adivasi experiences of marginalization and their sense of injustice were mobilized to create shared Jharkandi identity.’ Mention the issues against which leaders of Jharkhand agitated.

Answer: The issues against which the leaders of Jharkhand agitated were :

  • Acquisition of land for large irrigation projects and firing ranges.
  • Survey and settlement operations, which were held up, camps closed down etc.
  • Collection of loans, rent, dues which were resisted.
  • Nationalisation of forest produce which they boycotted.

 

Q.11. What ideas of society did the Dharma Sabha project ? 

OR

Q.11. Modernisation and Secularisation are part of a set of modern ideas. How are the two processes linked ?

Answer: Dharma Sabha was formed in 1829 in Calcutta by Raja Radhakant Deb. The organisation was established mainly to counter the ongoing social reform movements led by protagonists such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Henry Derozio. They petitioned against british rule which banned the practice of sati in the country, the focus of this new association was to repel the law which was seen as an intrusion by the British into the religious affairs of the indigenous people by some sections of the Hindu-community. They considered these steps by British government radical and against their traditions and rituals.

OR

Answer: If we look into the process of modernisation and secularisation together, undoubtedly they are closely linked as both are part of a set of modern ideas. Modernisation refers in social sciences to the process of evolution from the traditional to modern society. Two processes modernisation and secularisation are linked to each other, they are both part of a set of modern ideas. Modernisation referred to improvement in technology and production processes. Secularization means wider acceptance of all religions. It has been an assumption of all theorists of modernisation that modern societies have become increasingly secular.

Modernization has been proportionally linked to secularization. Secularisation marks a process in which especially in industrialized societies, the religious beliefs, practices and institutions have lost their former social importance, the traditional beliefs are subjected to rational questioning, the monopoly of religious symbols is broken with the pluralization of the life spheres and people have established more control on their environment with the rise of individualism and modernisation.

 

Q.12. Give two examples of caste based movements.

Answer: One example of Caste based movement was the Dalit movement. This was a struggle for recognition as fellow human beings. It was a struggle for self-confidence and a space for self-determination. It was a struggle for abolishment of stigmatization, that untouchability implied. Adi Dharma Movement in Punjab, the Mahar Movement in Maharashtra, the socio-political mobilisation among the Jatavas of Agra and the Anti Brahmin Movement in south India are some examples.

 

Q.13. How do people find jobs in an industrial society ?

Answer: Formerly people used to search for jobs through newspapers, magazines, ads, or through word of mouth.

Now a days, there are websites and HR recruitments applications where major companies search for employees.

There are employment exchange programs and seminars, where one can register and find jobs as per his qualifications.

 

Q.14. How did industrialization take place in colonial India ? 

OR

Q.14. The impact of English language has been many sided and paradoxical in India. Give reasons.

Answer: Deindustrialisation is the process of social and economic change caused due to the reduction in industrial capacity to industrialisation.

Just as manufacturing boomed in Britain, traditional exports of cotton and silk manufacturers from India declined in the face of Manchester competition. Small scale manufacturers and native industries were all closed because of competition from the west. Many village artisans abandoned their hereditary craft and moved to agriculture.

OR

Answer: Impact of English language on Indian society are :

It has been a major contributor in the growth of nationalism since it gave a common base for lingually diverse people to communicate.

Its knowledge has given Indians an edge over others in the job market in the era of globalisation.

However, sometimes it is linked to social prestige and status which makes its impact derogatory because people who know the language are preferred upon people who don’t. It leads to prejudices and partiality. English continues to be a mark of privilege, not knowing English creates a problem for people in search of jobs.

 

Q.15. The Family Planning Programme suffered a setback during the years of national emergency. Justify the statement.

Answer: Reasons for the setback of the Family Planning Programme during emergency are as follows :

Introduction of a coercive programme of mass sterilisation.

A vast number of mostly poor and powerless people were forcibly sterilised. Sterilisation refers to medical procedures like vasectomy for men and tubectomy for women which prevent conception and childbirth.

There was massive pressure on lower level government officials to bring people for sterilisation to the family planning camps, which were organised specially for this purpose.

However, there was widespread popular opposition to the programme. Ultimately, this programme was abandoned by the new government elected after the emergency.

 

Q.16. Explain commodification as feature of capitalism. 

OR

Q.16. According to Alfred Gell the market has significance beyond its economic function. Explain.

Answer:Commodification as feature of capitalism described as :

  1. Commodification occurs when things not traded in the market became commodities.
  2. According to Marx and other critics of capitalism, the process of commodification has negative social effects.
  3. But in modern society, almost everyone accepts the idea that a person’s labour can be bought or that other services or skills can be provided in exchange for money.
  4. Under commodification, labour or skills become things that can be bought and sold.

OR

Answer: Market refers to a place where things are bought and sold, markets can also be considered a physical place for the gathering of buyers and sellers.

We are used to thinking of the market as an economic institution but sociologists view markets as social institutions that are constructed in culturally specific ways and are socially embedded e.g., weekly tribal haat and traditional business community. Alfred Gells says that the “Dhorai market (adivasi village market in Bastar) has significance beyond its economic function. Its layout symbolizes the hierarchical inter-group social relations. Thus, it is a representative of a social order of the society there it fulfils a lot of social functions, not just economic ones.

Different social groups are located according to their position in the caste and social hierarchy as well as in the market system. The quality of social relations are expressed in the kinds of goods that are bought and sold, and the way in which transactions are carried out.

 

Q.17. Caste is a discriminatory system. Elaborate. 

OR

Q.17. Explain the key principles that help explain social stratification.

Answer: Caste is a discriminatory system and this can be observed through the following factors :

 

Exclusion : The untouchables and reserved caste people go through the worst type of exclusion. In the past, they were not given opportunities like others and were excluded from the smallest things. Even though the system of untouchability has been abolished now, the differences of caste continues to plague our society.

Exploitation : People of downtrodden classes and castes are given very low salaries and low grade jobs in certain parts of the country. They were given jobs which no one wanted to do and were not paid.

Humiliation: Earlier, they were not allowed to wear bright coloured clothes and could not use the same roads, which Brahmins used, and had to walk with their heads bowed down. This has taken a different form now for certain parts of the country.

OR

Answer: Key principles of social stratification :

  1. Social stratification is a characteristic of society, not simply a function of individual differences.
  2. Social stratification remains over generations. A person’s social position is ascribed. It means children assume the social position of their parents. The ascribed part of social inequality is reinforced by the practice of endogamy.
  3. Social stratification is supported by the patterns of belief, or ideology in this sense, no system of social stratification is likely to remain over generations unless it is generally understood as being either fair or necessary.

 

Q.18. Competing interests do not always reflect clear class divide. Explain with suitable examples. 

Answer: Competing interests do not always reflect a clear class divide. The multi-religious and multicultural composition of the population with distinct streams of tribal culture is one aspect of the plurality. Many divides classify the Indian people. The impact that culture, religion, and caste have on the urban-rural divide, rich-poor divide and the literate-illiterate divide is varied. However, there are some basic objectives laid down in the constitution and which are generally agreed in the Indian political world as being obviously just. These would be the empowerment of the poor and marginalised, poverty alleviation, ending of caste and positive steps to treat all groups equally.

For example, the issue of the closure of factories because they emit toxic waste and affect the health of those around this is a matter of life which the constitution protects. Closure of the factory will render people jobless. This does not however reflect class divide.

 

Q.19. Which cities were developed by the British in India and why ? 

Answer: The coastal cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai played a pivotal role in the economic system. These colonial cities were the prime link between the economic centre or core in Britain and periphery or margins in colonised India.

From these coastal cities, primary commodities could be easily exported and manufactured goods could be cheaply imported.

That is why these cities were well developed by British. The communication transportation and other facilities were built, new buildings for branch offices constructed, coastlines created and a lot of other facilities were made available as well.

 

Q.20. ‘Process of Sanskritisation encourages inequality and discrimination.’ Explain.

Answer: Sanskritization is a process by which some members of a low caste or tribe try to imitate/follow, customs, ritual beliefs, ideology and lifestyle of a caste.

Process of sanskritisation encourages inequalities and discrimination.

It has been criticized for exaggerating social mobility or the scope of lower castes to move up the social ladder for it leads to no structural change but only positional change of some individuals. Inequality continues to persist though some individuals may be able to improve their position within the unequal structure.

1. The ideology of sanskritisation accepts the ways of the upper caste as superior and that of the lower caste as inferior. Thus, the desire to imitate the upper caste is seen as natural and desirable.

2. Sanskritisation seems to justify a model that rests on inequality and exclusion. It appears to suggest that to believe in pollution and purity of groups’ of people is justifiable or all right. Therefore, to be able to look down on some groups of people just as the upper caste looked down on the lower castes, is a mark of privilege. It shows how such discriminatory ideas become a way of life. Instead of aspiring for an equal society, the exclusion and discrimination seek to give their own meaning to their excluded status. This gives rise to an undemocratic society.

3. Since sanskritisation results in the adoption of upper caste rites and rituals, it leads to practices of secluding girls and women, adopting dowry practices instead of bride-price and practising caste- discrimination against other groups.

4. The effect of such a culture is that it erodes characteristics of dalit culture and society. For example, the very worth of labour for which lower castes are degraded and rendered shameful. Identities based on the basis of work, crafts, artisanal ability are regarded useless.

 

Q.21. Is it easy to describe a State but hard to define ? Why ?

OR

Q.21. The Indian people had a brief experience of authoritarian rule during emergency.’ Justify.

Answer: A nation is a peculiar sort of community that is easy to describe but hard to define. We can describe many specific nations found on the basis of common cultural, historical and political institutions like a shared religion, language, ethnicity, history of regional culture.

But it is hard to come up with any defining features, any characteristics that a nation must possess. For every possible criterion there are exceptions. There are many nations that do not share a single common language, religion, ethnicity and so on. On the other hand, there are many languages, religions or ethnicities. All these diversities and varieties render the sociologists incapable of defining a state.

OR

Answer: The Indian people had a brief experience of authoritarian rule during the “Emergency” because:

  • Parliament was suspended, along with most of the rights given to the citizens by the constitution were revoked.
  • New laws were made directly by the government. Civil liberties were revoked.
  • Large number of politically active people were arrested and jailed without trial.
  • Censorship was imposed on the media and government officials could be dismissed without normal procedures. There was arbitrariness of laws and nothing was being followed according to set rules and regulations.

 

Q.22. ‘The pattern of farmer’s suicides points to the significant crisis that the rural areas are experiencing.’ What do you understand by ‘matrix event’ and how are they responsible for farmer’s suicides ?

OR

Q.22. Migration and lack of job security create poor working and living conditions for migrant labour. Explain with reference to the circulation of labour in India.

 Answer: Matrix Events : A range of factors that coalesce or combine or come together to form an event are called matrix events e.g., farmers distress/ suicide.

Sociologists have tried to analyze this event of suicides by looking at the structural and social changes that have been taking place in society, such suicides have become matrix events.

Farmers in our country for centuries have periodically faced lots of distress due to crop failures, drought and debt. They have been facing terrible conditions which encourages them to take negative steps. Some of the reasons why suicides are becoming a regular phenomenon are because the farmers are :

  • Unable to bear the burden of debt.
  • They can not fulfill their social obligations due to loss in crops.
  • Costs of agricultural equipment, costs of chemicals and seeds for cultivation and farming are already high and increasing every day. This creates difficulties for the farmers to survive.
  • Hiring labour and breeding animals is getting costlier too.
  • Lack of adequate support or market price also contributes.

OR

Answer: Concept of circulation of labour :

  • Commercialisation of agriculture has been responsible for the growth of migrant agricultural labour. Seasonal demand for these labourers increased in Green Revolution regions like Punjab.
  • Labourers migrate also due to increasing inequalities in rural areas. Men migrate out periodically in search of work and better wages, while women and children are often left behind in their villages.
  • Migrant workers come mainly from drought prone and less productive regions and they go to work for part of the year on farms in the Punjab and Haryana or on brick kilns in U.P. or construction sites in cities such as New Delhi or Bangalore.
  • These migrant workers have been termed “footloose labour” by Jan Breman. However, these landless workers do not have many rights and are also denied minimum wages.
  • The large scale circulation of labour has had several significant effects on rural society in both the receiving and supplying regions.
  • Women are also emerging as the main source of agricultural labour, leading to the Termination of agricultural labour form. The work insecurity for women workers is greater because they earn lower wages than men for similar work.

 

Q.23. The Khasi matriliny generates intense role conflict for men. Elaborate. 

OR

Q.23. What are some of the rules that caste system imposes ?

Answer:

  • Khasi materiliny generates intense role conflict for men. They are torn between responsibilities to their natal house on one hand and to their wife and children on the other.
  • There is an inherent disagreement in matrilineal systems. On the one hand, the line of descent and inheritance, where woman inherits property from her mother and passes it on to her daughter. The other structure of authority and control is where a man control his sister’s property and passes on control to his sister’s son. The farmer, which links the mother to the daughter, comes in conflict with the latter, which links the mother’s brother to sister’s son.
  • The tension generated by such role conflict affects Khasi women more intensely. A woman can never be fully assured that her husband does not find his sister’s house a more pleasant place than her own.
  • Thus, men are the power holders in Khasi society, the only difference is that a man’s relatives on his mother’s side matter more than his relatives on his father’s side.

OR

Answer: Rules imposed by the caste system :

  • Caste is determined by birth hence, nobody is allowed to change his caste, leave it or choose not to join it. An individual found violating caste rules shall be punished by social exclusion.
  • One cannot solemnise his marriage with a person not a member of his own group. Endogamy is recognised under caste system.
  • Person of a particular caste should strictly follow all the rules of food and food sharing as practiced in his caste.
  • A person born into a caste can only practice the occupation associated with that caste.
  • Shudras and untouchables shall serve the upper castes i.e., Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishya popularly called Dvija. They cannot share food with upper caste individuals.

 

Q.24. The effects of globalisation are far reaching. It affects us all but affects us differently. Explain. 

OR

Q.24. Explain the economic policy of liberalisation.

Answer: Globalisation : It refers to the growing interdependence between different people, regions and countries in the world.

The effect of globalisation is far reaching. It affects us all but affects us differently. While for some it may mean new opportunities, for others it means the loss of livelihood.

For example, Women silk spinners and twisters of Bihar lost their jobs once the Chinese and Korean silk yarn entered the market.

Similar displacements have come with the entry of large fishing vessels into Indian waters. These vessels take away the fish that used to be earlier collected by Indian fishing vessels. The livelihood of women fish sorters, dryers, vendors and net makers thereby gets affected.

In Gujarat, women gum collectors who were picking from the Julifera, lost their employment due to the import of cheaper gum from Sudan.

In almost all cities of India, the rag pickers lost part of their employment due to import of waste paper from developed countries. Some might be benefited with globalisation while others are made to face losses.

OR

Answer: The economic policy of Liberalisation :

  • The state after independence put in place a large number of laws that ensured that the Indian market and Indian indigenous, businesses were protected from competition of the wider world.
  • Liberalisation of the economy meant the steady removal of the rules that regulated Indian trade and finance regulations.
  • Since 1991, the Indian economy witnessed a series of reforms in all major sectors of the economy, agriculture, industry, trade, foreign, investment and technology, public sector, financial institutions etc. As greater integration into the global market would be beneficial to Indian economy.
  • The process of liberalisation also involved taking loans from International and Monetary Fund (IMF).

 

Q.25. Read the given passage and answer the following questions:

The India Languages Newspaper Revolution

The most significant happening in the last few decades has been the India language newspaper revolution. The beginnings of this growth predated liberalisation.

The top two dailies in India rare Danik Jagaran and Danik Bhaskar with a readership of 21 million and 17 million, respective. The fastest growing dailies are the Assamese dailies in urban areas (51.8 percent increase) and the Bengali dailies in rural areas (129 per cent).

The ‘Eenadu’ story also exemplifies the success of the Indian language press. Ramoji Rao the founder of ‘Eenadu’ has successfully organised a chit-fund, before launching the paper in 1974. By associating with appropriate causes in the rural areas like the Anti-arrack movement in the mid-1980s, the Telugu newspaper was able to reach into the countryside.

This prompted it to launch ‘district dailies’ in 1989.

There were tabloid inserts of sensational features carrying news from particulars districts as well as classified advertisements from villages and small towns of the same. By 1998 ‘Eenadu’ was being published from ten towns in Andhra Pradesh and its circulation accounted for 70 per cent of the audited Telugu daily circulation:

(a) What are the different forms of Print media ?

(b) What reasons can be attributed to the emerging growth of Indian ? 

Answer: (a) Different forms of a print media are :

  • Newspapers
  • Magazines
  • Handouts
  • Books
  • Pamphlets etc.

(b) Reasons attributed to growth of Indian language newspapers :

  • Rise in numbers of literate people.
  • Introduction of local and regional news which attracts natives.
  • Adoption of advanced printing technologies.
  • Marketing strategies.

Sociology 12th Previous Year Question Paper 2018 (CBSE)

Sociology

Q.1. What is meant by the age structure of the population ? 

Answer: The age structure of the population refers to the proportion of persons in different age groups in relation to the total population. The age structure varies in response to changes in the level of development and the average life expectancy.

Eg: 0-14, 15-59 and 60 + age groups.

 

Q.2. What are the two important issues which gave rise to tribal movements ? 

Answer:

  • The issues relating to control over vital economic resources like land and especially forests and matters relating to ethnic-cultural identity.
  • The coming of private property in land has also adversely affected tribes.

The most recent such example is the series of dams being built on the Narmada.

  • Dikus-migrant traders and money lenders-grabbed wealth, leading to impoverishment.
  • Acquisition of land for large irrigation projects and firing ranges.
  • Survey and settlement operations, which were held up, camps closed down etc.
  • Collection of issue rent and cooperative duse which were resisted.


Q.3. What is meant by laissez-faire ? 

Answer: The French term ‘Laissez Faire’ means ‘Leave alone’ or ‘Let it be’. This policy or norm is in favour of giving freedom to an individual so that, he is able to fulfil his desires and look after his interests. Adam Smith supported the idea of ‘free market mechanism’ or where there is no regulation by the government.

 

Q.4. State any two factors that encourage regionalism. 

Answer: The two factors which encourage regionalism are diversity of languages and cultures. Either geographical concentration of diverse identity markers in a region or regional deprivation affects regionalism.

 

Q.5. Why should the minorities be given constitutional protection ? 

Answer: The minority groups are considered disadvantageous group which are subjected to prejudice and discrimination, since a long time. The religious and cultural minorities need special constitutional protection due to demographic dominance of the majority which makes them politically vulnerable.

 

Q.6. How did colonial laws favour the owners and managers of tea plantations ? 

Answer: Colonial law favoured the owners and managers of tea plantation. The owners and managers of tea industry were Britishers.

  • They often used unfair means to employ labourers and many a times forced them to work in tea plantation.
  • They used harsh measures against the labourers for the benefit of the tea plantation owners.

 

Q.7. Explain Sanskritization as a process of change.

Answer: Sanskritization refers to a process by which a low Hindu caste or tribal group, changes its custom, ideology, rituals and ways of life in the direction of high and twice-born caste. It is followed by a claim, after a long time, to belong to a higher position in the caste hierarchy.

 

Q.8. What is the role of Nyaya Panchayats in providing justice at grass root levels ? 

Answer: Role of Nyaya Panchayats :

  • Nyaya Panchayats have been constituted in some states. They possess the authority to hear some petty, civil and criminal cases. They can impose fines but cannot award a sentence.
  • These village courts have often been successful in bringing about an agreement among contending parties. They have been particularly effective in punishing men who harass women for dowry and perpetrate violence against them.

 

Q.9. What do you understand by the idea of imagined communities’ that Benedict Anderson wrote of? 

Answer:

  • Benedict Anderson stated that the people who do not even know of each other’s existence feel like members of the family, can be named as ‘imagined community’.
  • It gave people who never meet each other, a sense of togetherness.

 

Q.10. What are national dailies ? Name any two. 

Answer: The Newspapers which circulate across regions are often called National Dailies and circulate across all regions.

Two national dailies are Hindustan Times and the Times of India.

 

Q.11. How has automation brought about a change in the making of the newspaper ? 

Answer: The newspaper production has become fully automatic. From the reporter’s desk to final page proof, automation has led to creation of e-newspaper and use of paper has been completely eliminated. It has become possible due to networks of computers (LAN) and use of news making software like ‘Newsmaker’.

 

Q.12. What do you understand by Universal Adult Franchise ? 

Answer: Universal Adult Franchise means that the right to vote should be given to all adult citizens without the discrimination of caste, class, colour, religion or gender. Example—in India, above 18 years of age, every adult citizen has the right to vote.

 

Q.13. What were the demands of the Bombay textile workers. 

Answer: The Bombay Textile Strike of 1982, was led by the trade union leader, Dr. Datta Samant.

Their demands were :

  • The workers wanted better wages and also wanted the right to form their own union.
  • According to Bombay Industrial Relations Act (BIRA), a union was required to be approved and the only way it could get approval was if it gave up the idea of strikes.

 

Q.14. Differentiate between Reformative and Revolutionary Movement. 

Answer: Reformist social movements strive to change the existing social and political movements through gradual, incremental steps. Example: Rights to Information Campaign.

Revolutionary social movements attempt to radically transform social relations often by capturing state power. Example : Naxalite movement in India.

 

Q.15. According to demographers and sociologists, what are the reasons for the decline in child sex ratio in India ?

OR

Q.15. Identify the reasons for regional variations of displacement levels in India.
Answer: The factors responsible for the decline in sex-ratio include severe neglect of girl-child during infancy leading to higher death rates; sex specific abortions leading to death of girl babies even before being born and female infanticide (or killing of the girl child due to religious and cultural sentiments). The practice of female infanticide was prevalent since ages and modern medical techniques such as sonogram leads to sex-specific abortion.

OR

Answer: Reasons for regional variation of displacement is the breaking of traditional patronage bonds between labourers or tenants and landlords because the seasonal demand for agriculture, labour increased in the prosperous green regions like Punjab, where people migrated in a specific season in areas with demand for labour and better wages. These migrant workers mainly come from droughts prone and less productive regions and they go to work for some months in the Punjab and Haryana, or in brick kilns in U.P., or construction sites of Bengaluru or Delhi.

 

Q.16. “Tribals have paid a disproportionate price for the development of the rest of Indian society.” Highlight the sources of conflict between ‘national development’ and ‘tribal development’.

Answer: Conflict between National development and Tribal development:

  • National development in the Nehruvian era, focused on the building of large dams, factories and mines etc.
  • As the tribal areas were rich in minerals, they paid a heavy price for the development activities, which benefited the rest of the nation.
  • The displacement of tribes has been a result of setting up of dams and factories using the forested areas for various mining activities and other development work.
  • The idea of private property in land, also, adversely affected the tribes. Tribes which mostly had collective community-based ownership were at a disadvantage in the new system. Example : series of dams being built over the Narmada river.
  • Many tribal regions have experienced heavy in-migration of non-tribals. This threatens to disrupt their cultures and communities. Example : Jharkhand and Tripura.

 

Q.17. Do you agree that all sections of people have benefitted from the liberalisation policy in India ? Justify your answer with examples. 

Answer: Liberalisation refers to the relaxation of government rules and regulations on trade and commerce. However, it would be wrong to say that liberalisation policies have benefitted all sections in India. For example, sectors such as software and information technology have been benefitted by liberalisation. However, sectors such as electronics, automobiles and oilseeds lose because of their inability to compete with the foreign producers. Moreover, farmers failed to get subsidies and support prices which were essential for their livelihood.

 

Q.18. Differentiate between a democratic and an authoritarian State.

 OR

Q.18. What is community identity ? How have Indian politics provided national identity ? 

Answer: Difference between Democratic and Authoritarian States :

Answer: Community Identity: Community provides us the language and cultural values through which we comprehend the world. Community identity is based on birth and belonging rather than on some form of acquired qualifications or accomplishment. Birth based identity is called ascriptive because this does not involve any choice on the part of the individuals concerned. These ascriptive identities are very hard to shake off because irrespective of our efforts to disown them, others may continue to identify us by those markers of belonging.

Indian Policies and National Identity :

  • Policies of integration seek to assert a single national identity by attempting to eliminate the national and cultural differences from the public and political arena.
  • Adopting the dominant group’s language as the only official national language and making its use mandatory in all public institutions.
  • Imposing a unified legal and judicial system based on dominant group’s tradition and abolishing alternative system used by other groups.

 

Q.19. Historically, what role did coastal cities play in the economic system of empires ?

Answer:

  • Historically, the big cities were built near the coastal areas from the old age empire due to ease of movement and world wide trade through waterways.</li><li>Due to economic development, coastal cities such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai got importance and favour.
  • Primary commodities could be easily exported and manufactured goods could be imported at low cost.
  • These cities became prime link between economic centres throughout the world, as Goa was linked to Portugal, Chennai and Kolkata with Eastern Asia, Fizi, China etc.

 

Q.20. “The varied social reform movements had common themes yet were different.” Explain.

Answer:

  • The varied social reform movements did have common themes yet there were also significant differences. For some, the concerns were confined to the problems that the upper caste, middle class women and men faced. For others, the injustices suffered by the discriminated castes were the central questions.
  • For some, social evils had emerged because of a decline of the true spirit of Hinduism. For others, caste and gender oppression was intrinsic of the religion.
  • There were movements for Muslim women. One group had argued against the practice of polygamy whereas, other group had fought for the abolishment of Triple Talaq.
  • Debates within communities were common in various movements. For instance, Sati was opposed by the Brahmo Samaj. Orthodox members of the Hindu community in Bengal formed an organisation called “Dharma Sabha” and petitioned the British arguing that reformers had no right to interpret sacred texts.

 

Q.21. What were the social welfare responsibilities of the Panchayats ? 

Answer: According to the Constitution, panchayats should be given powers and authority to function as institutions of self-government. Panchayats had the following social responsibilities :

  • To prepare plans and schemes for economic development : The development activities include the construction of roads, public buildings, wells, schools, small irrigation works etc.
  • To promote schemes that will enhance social justice : Nyaya Panchayats have been constituted in some states. They possess the authority to hear some petty civil, criminal and domestic violence cases. They can impose fines but cannot award a sentence against a ‘guilty’ person.
  • To levy, collect and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls, and fees: The main income of the Panchayats is from tax levied on property, animals, vehicles, tax on land revenue and rentals. The resources are further increased by the grants received through the Zila Panchayat or Zila Parishad.
  • To help in the devolution of governmental responsibilities especially that of finances to local authorities : Many government schemes like, Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) and Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) are monitored by members of panchayat.

 

Q.22. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Green Revolution. 

Answer: Advantages of Green Revolution :

Green revolution was a government programme of agricultural modernisation. It was largely funded by international agencies that was based on high yielding variety of seeds with good pesticides, fertilisers and other inputs to farmers.

  • Green revolution programme was started in areas that had assured irrigation facilities, as sufficient water was necessary for the new seeds and method of cultivation. It basically targeted rice and wheat growing areas.
  • Agriculture productivity increased sharply because of new technologies. Thereafter, India became self-sufficient in food grain production.

Disadvantages of Green Revolution :

  • Since the seeds and cultivation technology was very expensive, the small and marginal farmers could not afford to spend on new technology.
  • Since the well-to-do farmers were able to afford the costly HYV seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, they began to take back their lands from tenants and cultivate it directly because new technology cultivation was becoming more profitable. This made rich farmer better off and worsened the condition of the landless and marginal holders.

The ultimate outcome of Green Revolution was a process of “differentiation” between rich and poor farmers. ,

  • In most of the green revolution areas, farmers have shifted from single crop per year to multi-crop regime, which allowed them to spread risk in case any crop fails.

 

Q.23. Are global connections new to India and the world? Discuss. 

Answer: Global Connections are new to the World and India as :

  • Since early years—India has never been isolated from the world, example—-silk routes, which connected India to the great civilisation which existed in China, Persia, Egypt and Rome.
  • Colonial Period (British rule) :
  • Throughout India’s long past, people from different parts came here, sometimes as traders, sometimes as conquerors, sometimes as migrants in search of new lands and settled down here.
  • The remove Indian villages often, people ‘recall’ a time when their ancestors lived elsewhere, from where they came and settled down where they now live.

Colonialism was part of the system that required new sources of capital, raw materials, energy, markets and a global network that sustained it.

For eg: the greatest movement of people was the migration of European people who settled down in the Americans and Australia.

  • Indentured labourers were taken away in ships from India to work in distant parts of Asia, Africa and Americans.
  • Slave trade carted thousands of Africans away to distant shores.

 

Q.24. How are the working conditions in mines detrimental to the workers ? 

Answer: 1. In 1952, an act called the Mines Act was passed. The government said that the owners of the mines have to follow certain acts/rules. Still the overall conditions of mine workers have not improved much.

Those workers who are placed in overground mines have to face hot summer &amp; rain and suffer from injuries due to mine blasting and falling objects. In fact, the rate of mining accidents in India is higher than other countries. The contractors refrain from maintaining proper register to workers for avoiding responsibility for accidents and benefits. Moreover, the company does not care to cover up the open holes of the finished area which lead to several accidents.

2. Workers in underground mines face very dangerous conditions, due to flooding, fire, the collapse of roof and sides.

3. Due to lack of fresh air, emissions of gases and ventilation failure, many workers develop breathing problems and diseases like tuberculosis and silicosis.

4. The total lifespan of mine workers are very short. Every year hundreds of workers die due to accidents in mines.

 

Q.25. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

In India labels such as ‘disability’, ‘handicap’, ‘crippled’, ‘blind’ and ‘deaf’ are used synonymously. Often these terms are hurled at people as insults. In a culture that looks up to bodily ‘perfection’, all deviations from the ‘perfect body’ signify abnormality, defect and distortion. Labels such as bechara (poor thing) accentuate the victim status for the disabled person. The roots of such attitudes lie in the cultural conception that views an impaired body as a result of fate. Destiny is seen as the culprit and disabled people are the victims. The common perception views disability a retribution for past Karma (actions) from which there can be no reprieve. The dominant cultural construction in India therefore looks at disability as essentially a characteristic of the individual. The popular images in mythology portray the disabled in an extremely negative fashion.

The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. Terms such as ‘mentally challenged’, Visually impaired’ and ‘physically impaired’ came to replace the more trite negative terms such as ‘retarded’ ‘crippled’ or flame’. The disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society renders them so.

(a) Who form the disabled population in our country ? 

(b) Do you think disabled are rendered disabled not because they are biologically disabled but because society rendered them so ? Explain. 

Answer: (a) The people with any kind of physical or mental disability such as visual, speech, physical impairment or hearing disability form the disabled population of India.

(b) Yes, disabled are unfit not because of their biological inability but because of the treatment they receive from the society. At first, the people with any kind of impairment are called by insulting terms such as ‘handicap’, ‘blind’, ‘crippled’ or ‘deaf’. Secondly, these people are treated with contempt, and are looked down upon. An impairment is considered to be a result of ill fate which springs from the past deeds. In Hindu mythology also, any kind of impairment is ill-portrayed. In spite of the fact that these people are fully capable of becoming self-reliant, society considers them weak and incapable.

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