Economics 12th Previous Year Question Paper 2019 SET-II (CBSE)

Economics

Section -A

MICRO-ECONOMIC

Q.1. The Total Revenue earned by selling 20 units is ₹ 700. Marginal Revenue earned by selling 21st unit is ₹ 70. The value of Total Revenue earned by selling total 21 units will be (Choose the correct alternative) 

(a) ₹ 721

(b) ₹ 630

(c) ₹ 770

(d) ₹ 720

Answer:(c) ₹ 770

 

Q.2. In the given figure X1Y1 and X2Y2 are Production Possibility Curves in two different periods T1 and T2 respectively for Good X and Good Y. A1 and A2 represent actual outputs and P1 and P2 represent potential outputs respectively in the two time periods. 

The change in actual output of Goods X and Y over the two periods would be represented by movement from (Fill up the blank)

(a) A2 to P2

(b) A1to P2

(c) P1 to A2

(d) A1 to A2

OR

Q.2. The Marginal Rate of Transformation (MRT) is constant. The Production Possibility Curve, so formed would be ………… to the origin.

(Fill up the blank)

Answer: (d) A1 to A2

OR

Answer: Straight line

 

Q.3. Under imperfect competition, Average Revenue (AR) remains ………… Marginal Revenue (MR). (Fill up the blank) 

OR

Q.3. For a firm to be in equilibrium, Marginal Revenue (MR) and Marginal Cost (MC) must be …………… and beyond that level of output Marginal Cost must be …………. ” (Fill up the blank)

Answer: Greater than

OR

Answer: Equal, rising

 

Q.4. If the supply curve is a straight line parallel to the vertical axis (Y-axis), supply of the good is called as ……………. (Fill up the blank) 

(a) Unitary Elastic Supply

(b) Perfectly Elastic Supply

(c) Perfectly Inelastic Supply

(d) Perfectly Elastic Demand

Answer: (c) Perfectly Inelastic Supply

 

Q.5. Distinguish between positive economics and normative economics, with suitable examples.

Answer: 

 

Q.6. Differentiate between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics, with suitable examples. 

Answer: 

 

Q.7. The market for a good is in equilibrium. How would an increase in an input price affect the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity, keeping other factors constant ? Explain using a diagram.

Answer: Input price refers to the money paid to the factors of production in return for their productive services. As the input price rises, the cost of production also rises and produc-tion levels falls. This leads to a leftward shift in the supply curve.

This leads to excess demand in the market. It leads to competition among buyers. Due to this, the price starts rising. As the price rises, demand contracts and supply expands. This will continue until there is no more excess demand.

Finally equilibrium prices rises from P1 to P2 and equilibrium quantity falls from Q1 to Q2.

 

Q.8. The market for a good is in equilibrium. Explain, using a diagram, how a decrease in input prices would affect the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity, keeping other factors constant.

Answer: Input prices refer to the money paid for factors of production in return for their productive services. As the input price falls, the cost of production also falls and production level rises due to high profit margins. This leads to a rightward shift in the supply curve in figure given below.

This condition leads to an excess supply in the market. It also leads to the competition among the sellers due to which the price of the product starts falling. As the price of the product falls, demand expands and supply contracts. This continues until there is no more excess supply. Finally, equilibrium prices fall from P<sub>1</sub> to P<sub>2</sub> and equilibrium quantity rises from Q1 to Q2.

 

 

Q.9. Which of the following statements are true or false ? Give valid reasons in support of your answer. ‘ 

(a) Average cost curve cuts Average variable cost curve at its minimum level.

(b) Average product curve and Marginal product curve are ‘U-shaped’ curves.

(c) Under all market conditions, Average revenue and Marginal revenue are equal to each other.

(d) Total cost and Total variable cost curve are parallel curve to each other.

OR

Q.9. Explain a firm’s equilibrium under perfect competition, using a hypothetical schedule.

Answer: (a) False-Average cost and Average variable cost curves are U shaped curve. The vertical gap between Average cost Average variable cost curves represent Average fixed cost. As we know with the increase in the output the vertical gap between Average cost Average variable cost curves continuously decrease but never intersect.

(b) False, Average product curve and marginal product curve both rises and then tend to fall. Thus, the two curves are inverted ‘U’ shaped curve.

(c) False, only under perfect competition, AR and MR are equal to each other. Under Monopoly and monopolistic market, AR is greater than MR.

(d) True, TC and TVC curves are parallel to each other because the vertical distance between the two curves is TFC which is constant at all levels of output.

OR

Answer: In a perfectly competitive market, a very large number of firms produce a homogeneous (or identical) product and sell it to a very large number of buyers at a fixed price. Not a single buyer or seller can influence the market price. They are price taker. There is free entry or exit of firms in this form of market. Of course, en-try can take place only in the long-run. Here we assume that all firms in the industry are working under identical cost conditions. Iden-tical cost conditions for the firms mean that Average Cost (AC) and Marginal Cost (MC) curves are identical for all firms in the in-dustry. In economics, short-run refers to that time period in which a firm can’t alter its fixed factors and the size of the plant. The firm can change its output by changing variable factors of production. Both in the short-run and long- run, firm’s objective is to maximize profit. The profit is given by the difference between Total Revenue (TR) and Total Cost (TC) i.e. profit = TR – TC. Now, profit maximising output quan-tity is reached when two conditions are satis-fied.

(a) MR = MC

(b) Rate of change in MR &lt; Rate of change in MC

In a perfectly competitive market P = AR = MR = constant. So, the profit maximising condition in a perfectly competitive market boil down to

(a) P = MC (or SMC)

(b) MC (or SMC) curve must be positively sloped

This can be clear with the help of a table given below :

Five Situations of Short-Run Equilibrium under

 

Q.10. (a) Explain the meaning of the Trice Discrim-ination” feature under the monopoly form of market. 

(b) Compare the nature of demand curves under monopoly and monopolistic competition.

Answer: (a) The art of selling the same product at different prices to different buyers is known as price discrimination. When the monopolists adopt the policy of price discrimination, it is known as discriminating monopoly. Price discrimination may take place under the following situations :

  • When elasticity of demand for a product is different in different markets, the monopolists will charge higher when demand is inelastic and lower when demand is elastic.
  • When the buyers of one part of the market do not know the prices are lower in other parts of the market.
  • When Government permits price discrimination.

(b) Demand curve under monopolistic competition and monopoly

Both the markets face downward sloping demand curves. However, demand curve under monopolistic competition is more elastic as compared to the demand curve under monopoly. This happens because differentiated products under monopolistic competition are close substitutes of one another whereas there are no close substitutes in case of monopoly.

 

Q.11. (a) What is meant by increasing returns to a variable factor?

(b) Discuss briefly, any two reasons for the decreasing returns to a variable factor.

Answer: 

(a) In short period, when other factors of production remains constant, if the proportionate change in Total Product is greater than the proportionate change in units of variable factor. If marginal product increases with the increase in units of a variable factors, then it is known as the law of increasing returns to a variable factor.

(b) Causes of Decreasing Returns to Variable Factor :

(i) Decrease in the level of efficiency : If we increase the units of variable factors too much with fixed factors of production (after optimum combination), then the factor proportion becomes more and more worse. Due to that, the efficiency of both the factors decreases (because we are moving away from ideal combination). That’s why AP and MP both decrease. Due to that AC and MC both increases.

(ii) Imperfect substitute : At the point of optimum combination of means of production average and marginal productivity can be increased by substituting fixed factor (because at this point fixed factor is completely utilized). But the factors of production are not perfect substitutes, therefore it is not possible to replace fixed factor with other factors and that’s why, if we have to increase the output at optimum combination then we have to increase the units of variable factor with the same units of fixed factors. As a result there will be over utilization of fixed factor, so AP and MP both decreases and AC and MC both increases. So ultimately decreasing return will apply.

 

Q.12. Explain the following conditions : 

(a) Movement along the same indifference curve.

(b) Shift from a lower to a higher indifference curve.

OR

Q.12. Explain the law of Equi-Marginal Utility.

Answer: (a) Movement along the same indifference curve : All the points along with the same indifference curve represents all those combinations of two commodities which provides the same level of satisfaction to the consumer. Level of satisfaction remains constant whether we move upward or downward along the same indifference curve. In order to increase the consumption of one commodity the consumer has to sacrifice the consumption of the other “and he moves up and down on the same indifference curve.

In the present diagram, combination A (OX + OY) provides the satisfaction equal to combination B (OX1 + OY1).

(b) Shift from lower to a higher indifference curve : Curves nearer to origin represent lower level of satisfaction and curves which are away from origin represent higher level of satisfaction. It means as we move away from origin, level of satisfaction continuously increases.

In the present diagram IC2 represent higher level of satisfaction in comparison to IC1 and in the same way IC3 represent satisfaction more than IC1 and IC2 .

So if there are three indifferent curves in a single diagram then they will represent three different levels of satisfaction.

OR

Answer: Law of Equi-marginal utility states that a consumer allocates his expenditure on various commodities in such a manner that the utility derived from each additional unit of the rupee spent on each of the commodities is equal.

The ratio of the MU to price of X must be equal to the ratio of MU and price of Y.

MUx/Px = MUy/Py…………… = MUn/Pn

This is known as a law of equi-marginal utility. It means the equality of the MU of the last rupee spent on each good. If Mux /Px is greater than My/Py, it means that MU from the last rupee spent on good X is greater than MU of the last rupee spent on good Y. This induces the consumer to transfer the expenditure from Y to X. The consumption of X rises and MUx falls, and MU of Y rises. This act continues till MUx/Px and MUy/Py are equal.

Assumptions of Law of Equi Marginal Utility

1. Utility can be measured in numeric terms.

2. The consumption takes place in the stipulated time period (in continuation).

3. All the consumers are assumed to be rational.

4. Marginal utility of rupee is assumed to be constant.

For e.g.: A consumer consumers 2 commodities X and Y for ₹ 3/unit and ₹ 2/unit respectively. It is assumed that MUR = ₹ 2

 

Section -B

MACRO-ECONOMICS

Q.13. Primary deficit in a government budget will be zero, when ………….. (Choose the correct alternative).

(a) Revenue deficit is zero

(b) Net interest payments are zero

(c) Fiscal deficit is zero

(d) Fiscal deficit is equal to interest payment.

Answer:

(d) Fiscal deficit is equal to interest payment.

 

Q.14. In order to encourage investment in the economy, the Central Bank may …………… (Choose the correct alternative).

(a) Reduce Cash Reserve Ratio

(b) Increase Cash Reserve Ratio

(c) Sell Government securities in open market

(d) Increase Bank Rate

Answer: (a) Reduce Cash Reserve ratio.

 

Q.15. What do you mean by a direct tax?

OR

Q.15. What do you mean by an indirect tax?

Answer: Direct tax refers to a compulsory payment to the government whose impact and incidence falls on the same person. It is progressive in nature. Example-Income tax and Property tax.

OR

Answer: Indirect tax refers to a compulsory payment to the government whose impact and incidence falls on different persons. It is regressive in nature. Example- VAT, custom duty.

 

Q.16. Define ‘money multiplier’. 

Answer: When the primary cash deposits in the banking system leads to multiple expansion in the total deposits, it is called as money multiplier. It is inversely related to legal reserve ratio.

 

Q.17. Estimate the change in initial investment if the Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS) is 010 and change in final income is ₹ 15,000 crores.

Answer: MPS = 0.10

Change in Income = ₹ 15,000 crore

Multiplier (K) = 1/MPS = 1/0.10 = 10

K = Change in income AY/ change in investment AI.

10 = 15,000 change in investment

Change in investment = ₹ 1500 crores.

 

Q.18. State the impact of “Excess Demand” under the Keynesian theory on employment, in an economy. 

OR

Q.18. State the meaning of the following :

(a) Ex-Ante Savings

(b) Full Employment

(c) Autonomous Consumption

Answer: Excess demand is not a desired situation because it does not lead to any increase in the level of aggregate supply as the economy is already working at full employment level. Excess demand has the following effect on output, employment and general price level.

(i) Effect on Output: Excess demand does not affect the level of output because the economy is already working at full employment level and there is no ideal capacity in the economy.

(ii) Effect on Employment : There will be no change in the level of employment as the economy is already operating at full employment equilibrium and there is no involuntary unemployment.

(iii) Effect on General Price Level : Excess demand leads to a rise in the general price level (known as inflation) as aggregate demand is more than aggregate supply.

OR

Answer: (a) Ex-ante saving : The saving which the firms or entrepreneur desire to make at different levels of income in an economy during a period is called ex-ante (planned savings).

(b) Full employment : Full employment refers to the situation when all the workers who are willing and able to work at prevailing wage rate are actually employed and there is no involuntary unemployment

(c) Autonomous consumption : When income is zero consumption is not zero because consumption can never be zero even at zero level of income, there are some basic needs which need to be fulfilled even at zero level of income and to fulfill those basic needs we use past savings. This consumption at zero level of income is termed as ‘Autonomous consumption’ and is denoted as C .

 

Q.19. Discuss briefly the following functions of a Central Bank :

(i) Banker’s bank

(ii) Lender of last resort

Answer: (i) Banker’s Bank: As a banker to the banks, the Central Bank holds surplus cash reserves of commercial banks. It also lends to commercial banks when they are in need of funds – Central Bank also provides a large number of routine banking functions to the commercial banks. It also acts as a supervisor and regulator the banking system.

(ii) Lender of last resort: In case the commercial bank, fails to meet its financial requirements from other sources, it can approach to the Central Bank as a last resort for loans and advances. Central Bank helps these banks by discounting approved securities and bills of exchange or providing loans against their securities. By providing temporary financial help, Central Bank saves the financial structure of the country from collapsing. The direct lending to the commercial banks by the Central Bank is referred to as Tender of the last resort, function of the Central Bank’.

 

Q.20. “Higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) means greater per capita availability of goods in the economy.” Do you agree with the given statement? Give valid reason in support of your answer. 

OR

Q.20. Explain the meaning of Real Gross Domestic Product and Nominal Gross Domestic Product, using a numerical example.

Answer: I do not agree with the statement that “Higher gross domestic product (GDP) means greater per capita availability of goods in the economy” as higher GDP does not mean high per head availability of goods and services.

(i) It depends upon the population of the country. If GDP is higher but population is • equally high then per head availability of goods and services will be low.

(ii) It also depends on the fact that whether the income is equally distributed or unequally distributed. If income is equally distributed then share of goods and services for each individual will be equal but if it is unequally distributed, the rich will take more share in comparison to a poor.

OR

Answer: Real GDP refers to the money value of all final goods and services calculated at a base year price produced within the domestic territory in a given time period.

Nominal GDP refers to the money value of all final goods and services calculated at a current year prices produced within the domestic territory in a given time period.

Commodities Quantity in 2018 Prices in 2011 Prices in 2018 Real GDP Nominal GDP
A TO 5 10 50 100
B 15 7 10 105 150
C 20 10 15 200 300
D 5 12 15 60 75
Total ——— ——— ——– 415 725

 

In the above table real GDP is ₹ 415 for the year 2018 while nominal GDP is ₹ 725 for the same year. Such a difference in GDP is due to increase in prices from base year to current year.

Therefore, Real GDP is always considered as true indicator of economic growth.

 

Q.21. Distinguish between ‘Qualitative and Quantitative tools’ of credit control as may be used by a Central Bank. 

Answer:

 

Q.22. (a) Distinguish between appreciation of home currency and depreciation of the home currency.

(b) What is meant by “current account surplus”?

(c) State any one source of supply of foreign currency for a country.

Answer: (a)

(b) Current Account in BOP is in surplus when the total receipts on account of total export of goods and services are greater than payments on account of import of goods and services

(c) Export of goods and services is one of the sources of supply of foreign currency.

 

Q.23. Discuss the adjustment mechanism in the following situations :

(a) Aggregate demand is lesser than Aggregate Supply.

(b) Ex-Ante Investments are greater than Ex- Ante Savings.

Answer: (a) At the income level above the equilibrium, the planned aggregate demand (AD) is less than the aggregate supply (AS). This implies that there is an excess availability of goods and services in an economy. This surplus in goods is added to the inventory stock of goods. The rise in the inventories above a desired level reduces the production which leads to the decrease in income and employment in the economy. This process continues till AD gets equal to AS.

(b) Adjustment Mechanism when planned in-vestment is greater than planned savings :

(i) When planned (ex-ante) saving is greater than planned investment. Suppose firms plan to invest ₹ 20,000 crores but households plan to save ₹ 25,000 crores, it shows consumption expenditure has decreased. Consequently, AD falls short of AS. Due to excess supply there will be stockpiling of unsold goods, i.e., unintended unplanned inventories will accumulate. At this, the producers will cut down employment and produce less. National income will fall and as a result planned saving will start falling until it becomes equal to planned investment. It is at this point equilibrium level of income is determined.

(ii) When planned (ex-ante) saving is less than planned investment. Suppose producers plan to invest ₹ 20,000 crores but households plan to save ₹ 15,000 crores, then AD (or consumption expenditure) is more than AS. Production will have to be increased to meet the excess demand. Consequently national income will increase leading to rise in saving until saving becomes equal to investment. It is here that equilibrium level of income is established because what the savers intend to save becomes equal to what the investors intend to invest. If planned saving and planned investment are equal, then output, income, employment and the price level will be constant.

 

Q.24. Define the following :

(a) Value Addition

(b) Gross Domestic Product

(c) Flow Variables

(d) Income property and entrepreneurship

OR

Q.24. Given the Following data, find the value of “Gross Domestic Capital Formation” and “Operating Surplus”.

Answer: (a) Value addition refers to the produced within the domestic territory of a country during an accounting year.

(b) Gross domestic product refers to the money value of all final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of the country during an accounting year.

(c) Flow variables are measurable variables that are measured over a period of time, e.g., National income.

(d) Income from property and entrepreneurship is also called the operating surplus which is the sum up of rent, royalties, interest and profits.

OR

Answer: Gross Domestic Capital Formation = (i) – {(iii) + vii + x} + vi – xii + iv

GDCF = 22,100 – {7,200 + 6,100 + 3,400} + 500 (-150) + 700

GDCF = ₹ 6750 crores

Operating Surplus = National income – wages and Salaries – mixed income of self employed – net factor income from abroad

= 22,100 – 12,000 – 4,800 – (-150)

= ₹ 5,450 crores

Economics 12th Previous Year Question Paper 2019 SET-I (CBSE)

Economics

Section -A

MICRO-ECONOMIC

Q.1. The Total Revenue earned by selling 20 units is ₹ 700. Marginal Revenue earned by selling 21st unit is ₹ 70. The value of Total Revenue earned by selling total 21 units will be (Choose the correct alternative) 

(a) ₹ 721

(b) ₹ 630

(c) ₹ 770

(d) ₹ 720

Answer:(c) ₹ 770

 

Q.2. In the given figure X1Y1 and X2Y2 are Production Possibility Curves in two different periods T1 and T2 respectively for Good X and Good Y. A1 and A2 represent actual outputs and P1 and P2 represent potential outputs respectively in the two time periods. 

The change in actual output of Goods X and Y over the two periods would be represented by movement from (Fill up the blank)

(a) A2 to P2

(b) A1to P2

(c) P1 to A2

(d) A1 to A2

OR

Q.2. The Marginal Rate of Transformation (MRT) is constant. The Production Possibility Curve, so formed would be ………… to the origin.

(Fill up the blank)

Answer: (d) A1 to A2

OR

Answer: Straight line

 

Q.3. Under imperfect competition, Average Revenue (AR) remains ………… Marginal Revenue (MR). (Fill up the blank) 

OR

Q.3. For a firm to be in equilibrium, Marginal Revenue (MR) and Marginal Cost (MC) must be …………… and beyond that level of output Marginal Cost must be …………. ” (Fill up the blank)

Answer: Greater than

OR

Answer: Equal, rising

 

Q.4. If the supply curve is a straight line parallel to the vertical axis (Y-axis), supply of the good is called as ……………. (Fill up the blank) 

(a) Unitary Elastic Supply

(b) Perfectly Elastic Supply

(c) Perfectly Inelastic Supply

(d) Perfectly Elastic Demand

Answer: (c) Perfectly Inelastic Supply

 

Q.5. Distinguish between positive economics and normative economics, with suitable examples.

Answer: 

 

Q.6. Explain the law of diminishing marginal utility, with the help of a hypothetical schedule. 

OR

Q.6. Elaborate the law of demand, with the help of a hypothetical schedule.

Answer: According to the law of diminishing utility, as more and more units of commodity are consumed, the extra utility that we derive from it goes on declining. Total utility will continue to rise till the point of consumption when the marginal utility becomes zero. After this point, MU becomes negative which means now the good begins to harm consumers.

Assumption of Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

  • Utility can be measured in numeric terms.
  • The consumption takes place in the stipulated time period (in continuation).
  • All the consumers are assumed to be rational.
  • Marginal utility of rupee is assumed to be constant.

The schedule indicates that as more and more units of commodity are consumed, the marginal utility derived from the consumption of each additional unit of the commodity tends to fall. With the consumption of successive units the marginal utility becomes zero and consequently become negative. The MU become zero at the consumption of 4th unit and become negative at the consumption of 5th unit.

OR

Answer: The law of demand explains the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded of a commodity. According to this law, ‘other things remaining constant’ (ceteris paribus), price and quantity demanded of a commodity move in the opposite direction. When the price of the commodity increases, the quantity demanded falls and when the price decreases, the quantity demanded increases, provided factors other than price remain constant. More units of a commodity are purchased at a lower price because of a substitution effect and income effect.

Following are the assumptions of law of demand :

(a) No change in consumer’s income.

(b) No change in the price of related goods.

(c) No change in the consumer’s taste, preferences and fashion.

(d) No expectation of change in the future prices of the goods.

(e) No change in the population.

Demand schedule

Price of Sugar (₹ per kg) 20 40 50 70
Quantity 100 75 60 40

 

The demand schedule shows that the consumer will demand more sugar at a lower price, other things being constant. When the price of sugar is ₹ 20 per kg the quantity demanded will be 100 kg but when price increase to ₹ 40 the demand decreases to 75 kg and 50 Kg so on. This shows that the price and demand are inversely related

 

Q.7. The market for a good is in equilibrium. How would an increase in an input price affect the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity, keeping other factors constant ? Explain using a diagram.

Answer: Input price refers to the money paid to the factors of production in return for their productive services. As the input price rises, the cost of production also rises and produc-tion levels falls. This leads to a leftward shift in the supply curve.

This leads to excess demand in the market. It leads to competition among buyers. Due to this, the price starts rising. As the price rises, demand contracts and supply expands. This will continue until there is no more excess demand.

Finally equilibrium prices rises from P1 to P2 and equilibrium quantity falls from Q1 to Q2.

 

Q.8. (a) The coefficient of price elasticity of demand for Good X is (-) 0-2 . If there is a 5% increase in the price of the good, by what percentage will the quantity demanded for the good fall?

(b) Arrange the following coefficient of price elasticity of demand in ascending order : (-) 3.1, (-) 0.2, (-) 1.1 

OR

Q.8. How would the demand for a commodity be affected by a change in “tastes and preferences” of the consumers in favour of the commodity? Explain using a diagram. Answer:  (a) 

Percentage change in Quantity demanded = -1% Elasticity of demand is unitary elastic and the percentage fall in quantity demanded is 1%.

(b) Ascending order (-) 0.2, (-)1.1, (-)3.1.

OR

Answer:  Taste and preference is one of the factors affecting individual demand. If the consumers in the market have started liking a particular commodity, the demand for that commodity will increase. On the other hand, if there is a disliking for a particular commodity or preference for a commodity is falling, demand will decrease.

So change in taste and preference of the commodity in favour of the other commodity, will shift the demand curve towards right from DD to D1 D1.

 

Q.9. Which of the following statements are true or false ? Give valid reasons in support of your answer. ‘ 

(a) Average cost curve cuts Average variable cost curve at its minimum level.

(b) Average product curve and Marginal product curve are ‘U-shaped’ curves.

(c) Under all market conditions, Average revenue and Marginal revenue are equal to each other.

(d) Total cost and Total variable cost curve are parallel curve to each other.

OR

Q.9. Explain a firm’s equilibrium under perfect competition, using a hypothetical schedule.

Answer: (a) False-Average cost and Average variable cost curves are U shaped curve. The vertical gap between Average cost Average variable cost curves represent Average fixed cost. As we know with the increase in the output the vertical gap between Average cost Average variable cost curves continuously decrease but never intersect.

(b) False, Average product curve and marginal product curve both rises and then tend to fall. Thus, the two curves are inverted ‘U’ shaped curve.

(c) False, only under perfect competition, AR and MR are equal to each other. Under Monopoly and monopolistic market, AR is greater than MR.

(d) True, TC and TVC curves are parallel to each other because the vertical distance between the two curves is TFC which is constant at all levels of output.

OR

Answer: In a perfectly competitive market, a very large number of firms produce a homogeneous (or identical) product and sell it to a very large number of buyers at a fixed price. Not a single buyer or seller can influence the market price. They are price taker. There is free entry or exit of firms in this form of market. Of course, en-try can take place only in the long-run. Here we assume that all firms in the industry are working under identical cost conditions. Iden-tical cost conditions for the firms mean that Average Cost (AC) and Marginal Cost (MC) curves are identical for all firms in the in-dustry. In economics, short-run refers to that time period in which a firm can’t alter its fixed factors and the size of the plant. The firm can change its output by changing variable factors of production. Both in the short-run and long- run, firm’s objective is to maximize profit. The profit is given by the difference between Total Revenue (TR) and Total Cost (TC) i.e. profit = TR – TC. Now, profit maximising output quan-tity is reached when two conditions are satis-fied.

(a) MR = MC

(b) Rate of change in MR &lt; Rate of change in MC

In a perfectly competitive market P = AR = MR = constant. So, the profit maximising condition in a perfectly competitive market boil down to

(a) P = MC (or SMC)

(b) MC (or SMC) curve must be positively sloped

This can be clear with the help of a table given below :

Five Situations of Short-Run Equilibrium under

 

Q.10. Explain the meaning of the following features of the Oligopoly Market : 

(a) Non-Price Competition

(b) Few Sellers

Answer: (a) Non-price Competition: Oligopoly firm not only competes through price but also on the basis of non-price competition. Product variation and advertisement are the two main forms of non price competition as they fear price war. Normally, the oligopoly firms do not respond to a rise in price by the rivals. However/they have to respond if a rival firm reduces the price of the product.

Implication : This results in price rigidity in the market.

(b) Few Sellers: Under Oligopoly, there are only a few firms, producing a commodity. The product can be homogeneous or differentiated. These firms can influence the price and output by their actions.

Each firm produces significant portion of total output. There exists competition among different firms and each firm try to manipulate both price and volume of production. The number of buyers are large.

Implications: The number of firms is so small that an action by any firm is likely to affect the other firm. So every firm keeps a close watch on the actions of each other.

 

Q.11. (a) What is meant by increasing returns to a variable factor?

(b) Discuss briefly, any two reasons for the decreasing returns to a variable factor.

Answer: 

(a) In short period, when other factors of production remains constant, if the proportionate change in Total Product is greater than the proportionate change in units of variable factor. If marginal product increases with the increase in units of a variable factors, then it is known as the law of increasing returns to a variable factor.

(b) Causes of Decreasing Returns to Variable Factor :

(i) Decrease in the level of efficiency : If we increase the units of variable factors too much with fixed factors of production (after optimum combination), then the factor proportion becomes more and more worse. Due to that, the efficiency of both the factors decreases (because we are moving away from ideal combination). That’s why AP and MP both decrease. Due to that AC and MC both increases.

(ii) Imperfect substitute : At the point of optimum combination of means of production average and marginal productivity can be increased by substituting fixed factor (because at this point fixed factor is completely utilized). But the factors of production are not perfect substitutes, therefore it is not possible to replace fixed factor with other factors and that’s why, if we have to increase the output at optimum combination then we have to increase the units of variable factor with the same units of fixed factors. As a result there will be over utilization of fixed factor, so AP and MP both decreases and AC and MC both increases. So ultimately decreasing return will apply.

 

Q.12. Explain the following conditions : 

(a) Movement along the same indifference curve.

(b) Shift from a lower to a higher indifference curve.

OR

Q.12. Explain the law of Equi-Marginal Utility.

Answer: (a) Movement along the same indifference curve : All the points along with the same indifference curve represents all those combinations of two commodities which provides the same level of satisfaction to the consumer. Level of satisfaction remains constant whether we move upward or downward along the same indifference curve. In order to increase the consumption of one commodity the consumer has to sacrifice the consumption of the other “and he moves up and down on the same indifference curve.

In the present diagram, combination A (OX + OY) provides the satisfaction equal to combination B (OX1 + OY1).

(b) Shift from lower to a higher indifference curve : Curves nearer to origin represent lower level of satisfaction and curves which are away from origin represent higher level of satisfaction. It means as we move away from origin, level of satisfaction continuously increases.

In the present diagram IC2 represent higher level of satisfaction in comparison to IC1 and in the same way IC3 represent satisfaction more than IC1 and IC2 .

So if there are three indifferent curves in a single diagram then they will represent three different levels of satisfaction.

OR

Answer: Law of Equi-marginal utility states that a consumer allocates his expenditure on various commodities in such a manner that the utility derived from each additional unit of the rupee spent on each of the commodities is equal.

The ratio of the MU to price of X must be equal to the ratio of MU and price of Y.

MUx/Px = MUy/Py…………… = MUn/Pn

This is known as a law of equi-marginal utility. It means the equality of the MU of the last rupee spent on each good. If Mux /Px is greater than My/Py, it means that MU from the last rupee spent on good X is greater than MU of the last rupee spent on good Y. This induces the consumer to transfer the expenditure from Y to X. The consumption of X rises and MUx falls, and MU of Y rises. This act continues till MUx/Px and MUy/Py are equal.

Assumptions of Law of Equi Marginal Utility

1. Utility can be measured in numeric terms.

2. The consumption takes place in the stipulated time period (in continuation).

3. All the consumers are assumed to be rational.

4. Marginal utility of rupee is assumed to be constant.

For e.g.: A consumer consumers 2 commodities X and Y for ₹ 3/unit and ₹ 2/unit respectively. It is assumed that MUR = ₹ 2

 

Section -B

MACRO-ECONOMICS

Q.13. Primary deficit in a government budget will be zero, when ………….. (Choose the correct alternative).

(a) Revenue deficit is zero

(b) Net interest payments are zero

(c) Fiscal deficit is zero

(d) Fiscal deficit is equal to interest payment.

Answer:

(d) Fiscal deficit is equal to interest payment.

 

Q.14. In order to encourage investment in the economy, the Central Bank may …………… (Choose the correct alternative).

(a) Reduce Cash Reserve Ratio

(b) Increase Cash Reserve Ratio

(c) Sell Government securities in open market

(d) Increase Bank Rate

Answer: (a) Reduce Cash Reserve ratio.

 

Q.15. What do you mean by a direct tax?

OR

Q.15. What do you mean by an indirect tax?

Answer: Direct tax refers to a compulsory payment to the government whose impact and incidence falls on the same person. It is progressive in nature. Example-Income tax and Property tax.

OR

Answer: Indirect tax refers to a compulsory payment to the government whose impact and incidence falls on different persons. It is regressive in nature. Example- VAT, custom duty.

 

Q.16. Define ‘money multiplier’. 

Answer: When the primary cash deposits in the banking system leads to multiple expansion in the total deposits, it is called as money multiplier. It is inversely related to legal reserve ratio.

 

Q.17. Calculate change in final income, if the Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) is 0 8 and change in initial investment is ₹ 1,000 crores.

Answer: MPC = 0.8 and change in initial investment = ₹ 1000 crores

Change in income = ₹ 5000 crores.

 

Q.18. State the impact of “Excess Demand” under the Keynesian theory on employment, in an economy. 

OR

Q.18. State the meaning of the following :

(a) Ex-Ante Savings

(b) Full Employment

(c) Autonomous Consumption

Answer: Excess demand is not a desired situation because it does not lead to any increase in the level of aggregate supply as the economy is already working at full employment level. Excess demand has the following effect on output, employment and general price level.

(i) Effect on Output: Excess demand does not affect the level of output because the economy is already working at full employment level and there is no ideal capacity in the economy.

(ii) Effect on Employment : There will be no change in the level of employment as the economy is already operating at full employment equilibrium and there is no involuntary unemployment.

(iii) Effect on General Price Level : Excess demand leads to a rise in the general price level (known as inflation) as aggregate demand is more than aggregate supply.

OR

Answer: (a) Ex-ante saving : The saving which the firms or entrepreneur desire to make at different levels of income in an economy during a period is called ex-ante (planned savings).

(b) Full employment : Full employment refers to the situation when all the workers who are willing and able to work at prevailing wage rate are actually employed and there is no involuntary unemployment

(c) Autonomous consumption : When income is zero consumption is not zero because consumption can never be zero even at zero level of income, there are some basic needs which need to be fulfilled even at zero level of income and to fulfill those basic needs we use past savings. This consumption at zero level of income is termed as ‘Autonomous consumption’ and is denoted as C .

 

Q.19. Classify the following statement as revenue receipts or capital receipts. Give valid reasons in support of your answer. 

(a) Financial help from a multinational corporation for victims in a food affected area.

(b) Sale of shares of a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) to a private company, Y Ltd.

(c) Dividends paid to the Government by the State Bank of India.

(d) Borrowings from International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Answer: (a) Financial help from a multinational company is an aid to the government so it is a revenue receipt as it does not create any liability and reduction in assets.

 (b) It is a capital receipt. As sale of shares will reduce the assets of the PSU.

(c) Dividends paid to the government is a revenue receipt as it neither creates any liability nor reduces the assets.

(d) It is a capital receipt. It increases the liability of the government.

 

Q.20. “Higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) means greater per capita availability of goods in the economy.” Do you agree with the given statement? Give valid reason in support of your answer. 

OR

Q.20. Explain the meaning of Real Gross Domestic Product and Nominal Gross Domestic Product, using a numerical example.

Answer: I do not agree with the statement that “Higher gross domestic product (GDP) means greater per capita availability of goods in the economy” as higher GDP does not mean high per head availability of goods and services.

(i) It depends upon the population of the country. If GDP is higher but population is • equally high then per head availability of goods and services will be low.

(ii) It also depends on the fact that whether the income is equally distributed or unequally distributed. If income is equally distributed then share of goods and services for each individual will be equal but if it is unequally distributed, the rich will take more share in comparison to a poor.

OR

Answer: Real GDP refers to the money value of all final goods and services calculated at a base year price produced within the domestic territory in a given time period.

Nominal GDP refers to the money value of all final goods and services calculated at a current year prices produced within the domestic territory in a given time period.

Commodities Quantity in 2018 Prices in 2011 Prices in 2018 Real GDP Nominal GDP
A TO 5 10 50 100
B 15 7 10 105 150
C 20 10 15 200 300
D 5 12 15 60 75
Total ——— ——— ——– 415 725

 

In the above table real GDP is ₹ 415 for the year 2018 while nominal GDP is ₹ 725 for the same year. Such a difference in GDP is due to increase in prices from base year to current year.

Therefore, Real GDP is always considered as true indicator of economic growth.

 

Q.21. Distinguish between ‘Qualitative and Quantitative tools’ of credit control as may be used by a Central Bank. 

Answer:

 

Q.22. (a) Define “Trade Surplus” and “Trade Deficit”.

(b) Discuss briefly the concept of managed floating system of foreign exchange rate determination. 

Answer: (a) Trade surplus refers to the excess of exports of goods over the imports of goods. Trade deficit refers to the excess of import of goods over the export of goods.

(b) Managed floating exchange rate system- It is a system in which the foreign exchange rate is determined by the market forces and central bank influences the exchange rate through intervention in the foreign exchange market. Central bank interferes to restrict the fluctuations in the exchange rate within limits. For this central bank maintains the reserve of foreign exchange to ensure that the exchange rate stays within the targeted value. It is also known as “Dirty floating”.

 

Q.23. Discuss the adjustment mechanism in the following situations :

(a) Aggregate demand is lesser than Aggregate Supply.

(b) Ex-Ante Investments are greater than Ex- Ante Savings.

Answer: (a) At the income level above the equilibrium, the planned aggregate demand (AD) is less than the aggregate supply (AS). This implies that there is an excess availability of goods and services in an economy. This surplus in goods is added to the inventory stock of goods. The rise in the inventories above a desired level reduces the production which leads to the decrease in income and employment in the economy. This process continues till AD gets equal to AS.

(b) Adjustment Mechanism when planned in-vestment is greater than planned savings :

(i) When planned (ex-ante) saving is greater than planned investment. Suppose firms plan to invest ₹ 20,000 crores but households plan to save ₹ 25,000 crores, it shows consumption expenditure has decreased. Consequently, AD falls short of AS. Due to excess supply there will be stockpiling of unsold goods, i.e., unintended unplanned inventories will accumulate. At this, the producers will cut down employment and produce less. National income will fall and as a result planned saving will start falling until it becomes equal to planned investment. It is at this point equilibrium level of income is determined.

(ii) When planned (ex-ante) saving is less than planned investment. Suppose producers plan to invest ₹ 20,000 crores but households plan to save ₹ 15,000 crores, then AD (or consumption expenditure) is more than AS. Production will have to be increased to meet the excess demand. Consequently national income will increase leading to rise in saving until saving becomes equal to investment. It is here that equilibrium level of income is established because what the savers intend to save becomes equal to what the investors intend to invest. If planned saving and planned investment are equal, then output, income, employment and the price level will be constant.

 

Q.24. Define the following :

(a) Value Addition

(b) Gross Domestic Product

(c) Flow Variables

(d) Income property and entrepreneurship

OR

Q.24. Given the Following data, find the value of “Gross Domestic Capital Formation” and “Operating Surplus”.

Answer: (a) Value addition refers to the produced within the domestic territory of a country during an accounting year.

(b) Gross domestic product refers to the money value of all final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of the country during an accounting year.

(c) Flow variables are measurable variables that are measured over a period of time, e.g., National income.

(d) Income from property and entrepreneurship is also called the operating surplus which is the sum up of rent, royalties, interest and profits.

OR

Answer: Gross Domestic Capital Formation = (i) – {(iii) + vii + x} + vi – xii + iv

GDCF = 22,100 – {7,200 + 6,100 + 3,400} + 500 (-150) + 700

GDCF = ₹ 6750 crores

Operating Surplus = National income – wages and Salaries – mixed income of self employed – net factor income from abroad

= 22,100 – 12,000 – 4,800 – (-150)

= ₹ 5,450 crores 

History 12th Previous Year Question Paper 2019 SET-III (CBSE)

History

Part – A

Q.1. “John Marshall’s stint as Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India marked a major change in Indian Archaeology.” Explain the statement.

Answer: John Marshall, the Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India, from 1902 – 1928 has marked a major change in Indian Archaeology as he was the first professional archaeologist to work in India, and brought his experience of working in Greece and Crete to the field. He was very much interested in spectacular finds and equally keen to look for patterns of everyday life. He even announced in 1924 the discovery of a new civilization in the Indus Valley, to the world.

 

Q.2. State the role of Jati Panchayats in the Mughal agrarian society. 

Answer: Panchayats had a very important role during the Mughal agrarian society. In addition to the village panchayat, each caste or jati in the village had its own Jati Panchayat. These panchayats wielded I’ considerable power in rural society. They mediated in contested claims on lands, decided whether marriages were performed according to the norms laid down by a particular caste group, determined who had rituals precedence in village functions, and so on.

The state respected the decisions of Jati Panchayats in most of the cases.

 

Q.3. Why did Jaipal Singh plead for the protection of tribes in the Constituent Assembly ? Explain any two reasons. 

OR 

Q.3. Explain the ideals expressed in ‘Objectives Resolution’ introduced by Jawaharlal Nehru.

Answer: Jaipal Singh plead for the protection of tribes in the Constitutional Assembly because:

(i) Tribes had been dispossessed of the land they had settled, deprived of their forests and pastures, and forced to move in search of new homes.

(ii) Perceiving them as primitive and backward, the rest of society had spurned them.

Through these points Jaipal Singh wanted the society to mix with the tribes and was not asking for separate electorates, but he felt that reservation of seats in the legislature was essential to allow tribals to represent themselves.

OR

Answer: On 13th December 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru introduced the ‘Objectives Resolution’ in the Constituent Assembly. It proclaimed India to be an ‘Independent Sovereign Republic’, and guaranteed its citizens justice, equality and freedom, and assured that adequate safeguards shall be provided for minorities, backward and tribal areas, and Depressed and Other Backward Classes.

 

Part – B

Q.4. “One of the most distinctive features of Harappan cities was the carefully planned drainage system.” Substantiate the statement. 

Answer: One of the most distinctive features of Harappan cities was the carefully planned drainage system. At the Lower Town, the roads and streets were laid out along an approximate grid pattern, intersecting at right angles. It seems that streets with drains were laid out first and then houses were built along them. If domestic wastewater had to flow into the street drains, every house needed to have at least one wall along the street. It is certainly the most complete ancient system as yet discovered.

 

Q.5. Examine any two evidences found by the archaeologist B.B. Lai after excavation at a village named Hastinapur in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.

Answer: In 1951-52, the archaeologist B.B. Lai excavated at a village named Hastinapur in Meerut (Uttar Pradesh). While the similarity in names could be coincidental, the location of the sites in the Upper Ganga Doab, where the Kuru kingdom was situated, suggests that it may have been the capital of the Kurus. Lai found evidence of five occupational levels, of which the second and third are of interest to us.

Lal noted about the houses in the second phase that within the limited area excavated, no definite plans of houses were obtained, but walls of mud and mud-bricks were duly encountered. The discovery of mud-plaster with prominent reed-marks suggested that some of the houses had reed walls plastered over the mud. For the third phase, Lai noted that houses of this period were built of mud-bricks as well as burnt bricks. Soaked jars and brick drains were used for draining out refuse water, while terracotta ring-wells may have been used both as wells and drainage pits.

 

Q.6. Describe the distinctive aspects of Sufi-Silsila. 

Answer: By the eleventh century Sufism evolved into a well-developed movement with a body of literature on Quranic studies and Sufi practices. Sufi Silsilas began to crystallise in different parts of the Islamic world around the twelfth century. The word silsila literally means a chain, signifying a continuous link between master and discipline, stretching as unbroken spiritual genealogy to” the Prophet Muhammad. It was important as it was through this channel that spiritual power and blessing were transmitted to devotees. Special ritual of invitation were developed in which initiates took an oath of allegiance, wore a patched garment, and shaved their hair. Dargah (tomb-shrine) became a centre of devotion for shaikhs followers. The most famous Sufi Silsila was “Chisti Silsila”.

 

Q.7. “It was the Rowlatt Satyagraha that made Gandhi a truly national leader.” Substantiate the statement. 

Answer: In 1919, Gandhiji gave a call Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act, passed by the British. The Act restricted the freedom of expression and strengthened police powers. It was the Rowlatt Satyagraha that made Gandhi a true national leader. Encouraged by its success, Gandhiji called for a campaign of Non-Cooperation with British rule. Indians who wished colonialism to end were asked to stop attending schools, colleges and law courts, and not pay taxes. In sum, they were asked to adhere to a ‘renunciation of (all) voluntary association with the (British) Government’. Gandhiji said that if non-cooperation was effectively carried out, India would win swaraj within a year. To further broaden the struggle, he had joined hands with Khilafat Movement.

 

Q.8. Why was the Colonial Government keen on carrying out regular surveys and mapping various parts of the country ? Explain.

OR

Q.8. Why did Taluqdars and Sepoys of Awadh join )the Revolt of 1857 ? Explain.

Answer: Colonial rule was based on the production of enormous amounts of data. The British kept detailed records of their trading activities in order to regulate their commercial affairs. To keep track of life in the growing cities, they carried out regular surveys, gathered statistical data, and published various official reports. From the early years, the colonial government was keen on mapping.

Good maps were necessary to understand the landscape and know the topography. This knowledge would allow better control over the region. When towns began to grow, maps were prepared not only to plan the development of these towns but also to develop commerce and consolidate power. The town maps give information regarding the location of hills, rivers and vegetation, all important for planning structures for defence purposes. They also show the location of the ghats, density and quality of houses and alignment of roads, used to gauge commercial possibilities and plan strategies of taxation.

OR

Answer: The annexation by the British not only displaced the Nawab but also dispossessed the taluqdars of Awadh. The countryside of Awadh was dotted with the estates and forts of taluqdars who for many generations had controlled land and power in the countryside. Before the coming of the British, taluqdars maintained armed retainers, built forts, and enjoyed a degree of autonomy, as long as they accepted the suzerainty of the Nawab and paid the revenue of their taluq. Some of the bigger taluqdars had as many as 12,000 foot-soldiers and even the smaller ones had about 200. The British were unwilling to tolerate the power of the taluqdars.Immediately after the annexation, the taluqdars were  disarmed and their forts were destroyed.

The sepoys had complained for decades over low levels of pay and the difficulty of getting a leave. In the 1840s, when the sepoys who had a friendly relationships with the British officers then began to change. The officers developed a sense of superiority and started treating the sepoys as their racial inferiors, riding roughshod over their sensibilities. Abuse and physical violence became common and thus the distance between sepoys and officers grew. Trust was replaced by suspicion. The episode of the greased cartridges was a classic example of this.

 

Q.9. “The India in which Gandhiji came back in 1915 was rather different than the one he had left in 1893.” Substantiate the statement. 

Answer: In January 1915, Gandhiji returned to his homeland after two decades of residence abroad. Those years were spent for the most part in South Africa, where he went as a lawyer, and in time became a leader of the Indian community in that territory. The India that Mahatma Gandhi came back to in 1915 was rather different from the one that he had left in 1893. Although still a colony of the British, it was far more active in a political sense. The Indian National Congress then had branches in most major cities and towns.

Through the Swadeshi movement of 1905-07, it had broadened its appeal among the middle classes. That movement had thrown up some towering leaders — Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Maharashtra, Bipin Chandra Pal of Bengal, and Lala Rajpat Rai of Punjab. The trio was famous as Lai, Bal and Pal. Where these leaders advocated militant opposition to colonial rule, there was a group of ‘Moderates’ who preferred a more gradual and persuasive approach. Among these moderates was Gandhiji’s acknowledged political mentor, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, as well as Mohammad Ali Jinnah, who like Gandhiji, was a lawyer of the Gujarati extraction trained in London.

 

Part – C

Q.10. “Buddhism grew rapidly both during the lifetime of the Buddha and after his death.” Justify the statement with suitable arguments. 

OR

Q.10. “Among the best preserved monuments of the 600 BCE to 600 CE is the Stupa at Sanchi.” Justify the statement with suitable arguments in the context of its sculptural features and conservation policy taken up in the nineteenth century.

Answer: Gautam Buddha founded Buddhism in the 6th century BCE. The religion became popular during the lifetime of Buddha and continue to spread beyond India after his death. The reason for the popularity and propagation of Buddhism was its message and its simplicity.

People did not find its teachings difficult to understand. Local language was used by the Sangh to spread it. In fact, Gautam Buddha used to speak in the Prakrit language rather than in Sanskrit. Buddha was against any rituals so he did away with them. People found it easy to follow this philosophy. Asoka and later on other kings accepted Buddhism as their religion, because it was a powerful creed at that time.

Buddha did not believe in caste system and treated everyone equally which meant the people of the lower caste were happy. Buddhism attached importance to conduct and values rather than claims of superiority based on birth. They emphasised on ‘meta’ (fellow feeling) and ‘karuna’ (compassion) ‘ especially for those who were younger and weaker than oneself. These ideas drew men and women to the fold of Buddhism. A body of followers of Buddha was founded in an organization known as ‘Sangha.’ Followers came from many social groups which included kings, wealthy men gajapatis and humbler folk.

The teachings of Buddha were written in Tripitakas, or the Three basket. Buddhist Sangha was quick to spread the message of Buddha to different parts of India and abroad. Buddhism was opposed to customs and rituals as was done in Brahmanism.

OR

Answer: Stupas were sacred places where the relics of the Buddha such as his bodily remains or objects used by him were buried.

According to a Buddhist text known as the Ashokavadana. Ashoka distributed portions of the Buddha’s relics to every important town and ordered the construction of stupas over them. By the second century BCE a number of Stupas, like Sanchi and others had been built.

Art historians have carefully studied the sculpture at Sanchi and identified it as a scene from the Vessantara Jataka.

The empty seat was meant to indicate the meditation of the Buddha, and the stupa was meant to represent the Mahaparinirvana. Another frequently used symbol was the wheel. This stood for the first sermon of the Buddha, delivered at Sarnath. The tree symbolises an event in the life of the Buddha. According to popular belief, Shalabhanjika was a woman whose touch caused trees to flower and bear fruit. It is likely that this was regarded as an auspicious symbol and integrated into the decoration of the stupa. Animals were after used as symbols of human attributes. Elephants (signify strength and wisdom), horses, monkeys and battle scenes are also, engraved at the stupa.

While some historians identify the figure as Maya, the mother of the Buddha, others identify her with a popular goddess, Gajalakshmi—literally, the goddess of good fortune—who is associated with elephants. Serpent found on several pillars seems to be derived from other popular traditions.

Conservation policy taken up in the nineteenth century:

The rulers of Bhopal in the 19th century, Shahjehan Begum and her successor Sultan Jehan Begum, provided money for the preservation of the ancient site. John Marshall dedicated his important volumes on Sanchi to Sultan Jehan. She funded the museum and publication of the volumes on Sanchi written by John Marshall.

French sought ruler Shahjehan Begum’s permission to take away the eastern gateway of Sanchi Stupa but both French and the English were satisfied with carefully prepared plaster cast copies and the original remained at the site.

 

Q.11. Describe Ibn Battuta’s account of Indian cities. 

OR

Q.11. Describe the detailed observations and critical insights given in the Bernier’s “Travels in the Mughal Empire”.

Answer: As a traveller, Ibn Battuta found cities in the subcontinent full of exciting opportunities. He arrived in Delhi in the fourteenth century when it was a part of global network. They were densely populated and prosperous, except for the occasional disruptions caused by wars and invasions. From Ibn Battuta’s account it appears that most cities had crowded streets and bright and colourful markets that were stacked with a wide variety of goods. He describes Delhi as a vast city, with a great population, the largest in India. Daulatabad was equal in size of Delhi. The bazaars were not only places of economic transactions, but the hub of social and cultural activities. Most bazaars had a mosque and a temple and spaces were marked for public performances by dancers, musicians and singers. He found Indian agriculture very productive because of the fertility of soil.

OR

Answer: Bernier’s ‘Travels in the Mughal Empire’ is marked by detailed observations, critical insights and reflection.

(i) According to Bernier, there was no private property during Mughal India. He was a firm believer in the virtues of private property, and saw crown ownership of land as being harmful for both the state and its people. He thought that the emperor owned all the land and distributed it among his nobles, and this had disastrous consequences for the economy and society.

(ii) Owing to crown ownership of land, landholders could not pass on their land to their children. So they were obverse to any long-term investment in the sustenance and expansion of production. It had led to the uniform ruination of agriculture, excessive oppression of the peasantry and a continuous decline in the living standards of all sections of society, except the ruling aristocracy.

(iii) Bernier’s descriptions influenced Western theorists from the eighteenth century onwards. The French philosopher Montesquieu, for instance, used this account to develop the idea of oriental despotism, according to which rulers in Asia (the Orient or East) enjoyed absolute authority over their subjects, who were kept in conditions of subjugation and poverty, arguing that all land belonged to the king and that private property was non-existent.

(iv) According to this view, everybody, except the emperor and his nobles, barely managed to survive. This idea was further developed as the concept of the Asiatic mode of production by Karl Marx in the nineteenth century. He argued that in India (and other Asian countries), before colonialism, surplus was appropriated by the state. This led to the emergence of a society that was composed of a large number of autonomous and (internally) egalitarian village communities.

(v) The imperial court presided over these village communities, respecting their autonomy as long as the flow of surplus was unimpeded. This was regarded as a stagnant system.

(vi) Contemporary European travellers and writers ‘ often highlighted the treatment of women as a crucial marker of difference between Western and Eastern societies. Not surprisingly, Bernier chose the practice of Sari for detailed description. He noted that while women seemed to embrace death cheerfully, others were forced to die.

 

Q.12. Explain the events that led to the communal politics and Partition of India. 

OR

Q.12. Explain the strengths and limitations of oral testimonies in the understanding of Partition of India.

Answer: The differences between the communal political parties were creating a divide that later on became difficult to bridge. Not only this, the British government began playing one party against the other to weaken the national movement and prolong their stay in India.

(i) Right from the beginning, the British followed the policy of divide and rule. Before the coming of the British, the Hindus and the Muslims lived happily in India. There was unity, mutual cooperation and brotherhood among them.

(ii) To weaken the National Movement, the government actively encouraged the Muslim League to follow their communal demands. In fact, they got some Muslim leaders to form the League in 1905, after the Partition of Bengal. Also the League’s proposal for a coalition government in the united provinces was rejected by the Congress after the provincial election of 1937.

(iii) The role of the political leaders was also responsible for the partition of India. Prominent among them was Jinnah, who lead the Muslim League and passed the Lahore Resolution Remanding a measure of autonomy for the Muslim majority areas that gave birth to a new nation called Pakistan.

(iv) During the 1920s and early 1930s tension grew around a number of issues. Muslims were angered by ‘music-before-mosque’, by the cow protection movement formation of the Hindu Mahasabha in 1915 and by the efforts of the Arya Samaj to bring back to the Hindu fold (shuddhi) those who had recently converted to Islam.

(v) Hindus were angered by the rapid spread of tabligh (propaganda) and tanzim (organisation) after 1923.

(vi) Post War Developments : During 1945 the British agreed to create an entirely Indian Central Executive Council except for the Viceroy and the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, as a preliminary step towards full independence. Discussions about the transfer of power broke down due to Jinnah’s unrelenting demand that the League had an absolute right to choose all the Muslim members of the Executive Council and that there should be a kind of communal veto in the Council.

(vii) Failure of the Cabinet : Mission (March 1946) was short lived as the Muslim League wanted the grouping to be compulsory, with sections B and C developing into strong entities with the right to secede from the Union in the future.

(viii) Direct Action Day : After withdrawing its support to the Cabinet Mission plan, the Muslim League decided on ‘Direct Action’ for winning its demand for Pakistan. It announced on 16 August 1946 as Direct Action Day. On this day, riots broke out in Calcutta, lasting several days and leaving several thousand people dead. By March 1947 violence spread to many parts of Northern India.

(ix) Withdrawal of law and order from 1946 to 1947: There was a complete breakdown of authority in the city of Amritsar. British officials did not know how to handle this situation: 

They were unwilling to take decisions, and hesitant to intervene. When panic-stricken people appealed for help, British Officials asked them to contact Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabh Bhai Patel or M. A. Jinnah. Nobody knew who could exercise authority and power. The top leadership of the Indian parties, barring Mahatma Gandhi, were involved in negotiations regarding independence while many Indian civil servants in the affected provinces feared for the own lives and property. The British were busy preparing to quit India.

(x) Compounded Problems : Problems compounded because Indian soldiers and policemen came to act as Hindus, Muslims or Sikhs. As communal tension mounted, the professional commitment of those in uniform could not be relied upon. In many places not only did policemen help their co-religionists but they also attacked members of other communities.

OR

Answer: The strengths of oral testimonies in the understanding of Partition of India :

  1. Oral history helps us grasp experiences and memories in detail.
  2. It enables historians to write richly textured, vivid accounts of what happened to people during events such as Partition which would be impossible to extract this kind of information from government documents.
  3. It also allows historians to broaden the boundaries of their discipline about the lived experiences of the poor and the powerless. For example, about Latif’s father, the women of Thoa Khala.
  4. Moving beyond the actions of the well-off and the well-known, the oral history of Partition has succeeded in exploring the experiences of those men and women that were ignored, taken for granted, or mentioned only in passing in mainstream history.
  5. Oral narratives memoirs, diaries, family histories first hand written accounts help to understand the trials and tribulations of ordinary people during the partition of the country. Memories and experiences shape the reality of an event.

Oral testimonies tell us about the day to day experiences of those affected by the government decision to divide the country

The limitations of oral testimonies is the understanding of Partition of India :

  1. Many historians believed that oral data seem to lack concreteness and the chronology they yield may have been imprecise. Historians argue that the uniqueness of personal experience makes generalisation difficult: a large picture cannot be built from such micro-evidence, and one witness is no witness.
  2. They also think that oral accounts are concerned with tangential issues, and that the small individual experiences which remain in memory are irrelevant to the unfolding of larger processes of history.
  3. If history has to accord presence to the ordinary and powerless, then the oral history of Partition is not concerned with tangential matters.
  4. The experiences it relates are central to the story, so much so that oral sources should be used to check other sources and vice versa.

 

Part – D

Q.13. Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow : Prabhavati Gupta and the village of Danguna

This is what Prabhavati Gupta states in her inscription:

Prabhavati Gupta … commands the gramakutumbinas (householders/peasants living in the village),

Brahmanas and others living in the village of Danguna…

“Be it known to you that on the twelfth (lunar day) of the bright (fortnight) of Karttika, we have, in order to increase our religious merit donated this village with the pouring out of water, to the Acharya

(teacher) Chanalasvamin…. You should obey all (his) commands ….

We confer on (him) the following exemptions typical r of an agrahara…. (this village is) not to be entered

by soldiers and policeman; (it is) exempt from (the obligation to provide) grass, (animal) hides as seats, and charcoal (to touring royal officers); exempt from (the royal prerogative of) purchasing fermenting liquor and digging (salt); exempt from (the right to) mines and khadira trees; exempt from (the obligation to supply) flowers and milk; (it is donated) together with (the right to) hidden treasures and deposits (and) together with major and minor taxes ”

This charger has been written in the thirteenth (regnal) year. (It has been) engraved by Chakradasa.

(a) How did Prabhavati Gupta show her authority through the inscription ?

(b) How did the inscription gives us an idea about the rural population ?

(c) Examine the importance of the charter issued by Prabhavati Gupta.

Answer: (a) Her authority is reflected in the language used in the inscription.

(b) The inscription gives us information about the rural.population as the inscription addresses the ‘householders/peasants living in the village, the Brahmanas and others living in the village of Danguna.

(c) Charter was a command or order for all living in the village and they had to obey the commands. It provides insight into the relationship between cultivators and the state. It also gives an idea about rural population who were expected to provide a range of produce to the king and his representatives.

 

Q.14. Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Nobles at Court

The Jesuit Priest Father Antonio Monserrate, resident at the court of Akbar, noticed :

In order to prevent the great nobles becoming insolent through the unchallenged enjoyment of power, the King summons them to court and gives them imperious commands, as though they were his slaves. The obedience to these commands ill suits their exalted rank and dignity.

(a) Examine the relationship between Akbar and his nobles. 

(b) How do you think that the nobility was an important pillar of the Mughal State ?

(c) Explain the observation of the Jesuit Priest Father Antonio Monserrate regarding this relationship.

Answer:

(a) The king would summon the nobles to the court and give them imperial commands as though they were his slaves. This was to prevent the great nobles from becoming insolent through unchallenged enjoyment of power. The king granted titles to men of merit; awards were also given.

(b) The nobility was an important pillar of the Mughal state as they were recruited from diverse ethnic and religious groups to aid in effective administration. The nobles participated in military campaigns with their armies and also served as officers of the empire in the provinces.

(c) The Jesuit Priest Father Antonio Monserrate observe that the members of the Jesuit mission interpreted the emperor’s open interest in the doctrines of Christianity as a sign of his acceptance of their faith. This could be understood in relation to the intolerant religious atmosphere that existed in Europe at the time. High respect shown by Akbar towards the members of the Jesuit mission impressed them deeply.

 

Q.15. Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow :

Buchanan on the Santhals Buchanan wrote :

They are very clever in clearing new lands, but live meanly. Their huts have no fence, and the walls are made of small sticks placed upright, close together and plastered within with clay. They are small and slovenly, and too flat-roofed, with very little arch.

(a) Examine the role of Buchanan as an agent of the East India Company ? 

(b) Analyse the economic activities of Santhals. 

(c) How did Buchanan describe the living conditions of Santhals ? 

OR

Q.15. Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow :

How debts mounted

In a petition to the Deccan Riots Commission a ryot explained how the system of loans worked :

A sowkar lends his debtor ₹ 100 on bond at ₹ 3-2 annas per cent per mensem. The latter agrees to pay the amount within eight days from the passing of the bond. Three years after the stipulated time for repaying the amount, the sowkar takes from his debtor another bond for the principal and interest together at the same rate of interest, and allows him 125 days’ time to liquidate the debt. After the lapse of 3 years and 15 days a third bond is passed by the debtor …. (this process is repeated) at the end of 12 years … his interest on ₹ 1,000 amounts to ₹ 2,028-10 annas-3 paise.

(a) For what purpose did ryots get loans from money lenders ?

(b) How did the ryot explain the system of loans ?

(c) How do you think that the way of borrowing money by the ryots brought misery to them ? 

Answer: Buchanan on that Santhals :

(a) Buchanan was employed by the East India Company. He marched everywhere with a large army of people—draughtsmen, surveyors, palanquin bearers, coolies, etc. As an agent of the East India Company, Buchanan had to report on the activity of the Santhals.

(b) (i) The Santhals cultivated a range of commercial crops for the market.

(ii) The dealt with traders and moneylenders as well.

(c) According to Buchanan, the Santhals had very little needs. They lived in simple huts made-up of small sticks and plastered with mud. The design of the huts was simple with flat roofs and no arches. The huts were built small and dishevelled. They had no fence.

OR

Answer: How debts mounted

(a) They needed loans even to buy their everyday needs and meet their production expenditure. Cultivators required loans for extending their average, moving into new areas, and transforming pasture land into cultivated fields. But to expand cultivation peasants needed more ploughs and cattle. They needed money to buy seeds and land. For this they had to turn to the moneylenders for loans.

(b) The sowkar (sahukar) lends his debtor Rs. 100 on bond at Rs. 3-2 annas per cent per mensem. The latter agrees to pay the amount within eight days from the passing of the bond. Three years after the stipulated time for repaying the amount, the sowkar takes from his debtor another bond for the principal and interest together at the same rate of interest, and allows him a period of 125 days to liquidate the debt. After the lapse of 3 years and 15 days, a third bond is passed by the debtor. This process is repeated at the end of 12 years and his interest in Rs. 1000 amounts to Rs. 2028—10 annas-3 paise.

(c) Over time, the ryots and peasants came to associate the misery of their lives with the new regime of bonds and deeds. They were made to sign and put thumb impressions on documents, but they did not know what they were actually signing. They had no idea of the clauses that moneylenders inserted in the bonds. They feared the written word. But they had no choice because to survive they needed loans, and moneylenders were unwilling to give loans without legal bonds.

 

Part – E

Q.16. (a) On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following appropriately :

(a) Dandi—a centre of national movement.

                                 OR

(a)Masulipatnam-a city under British control in 1857.

(b) Panipat-a territory under Mughals.

                               OR

(b) On the same political outline map of India, three places have been marked as A, B and C which are related to matured Harappan. 

Answer:

History 12th Previous Year Question Paper 2019 SET-II (CBSE)

History

Part – A

Q.1. “Over the decades, new issues have assumed importance in the archaeology of Harappa.” Give two evidences to justify the statement.

Answer: Over the decades, new issues have assumed importance in the archaeology of Hajrappa. Where some archaeologists are often,keen to obtain a cultural sequence, others try to understand the logic underlying the location of specific sites. They also grapple with the wealth of artefacts, trying to figure out the functions these may have served. Specialists are using modern scientific techniques including surface exploration to recover traces of the civilization as well to minutely analyse every scrap of available evidence.

 

Q.2. State any two features of Akbar Nama.

Answer: (i) The author of Akbar Nama(the chronicle of a King), Abu’l Fazl who was a court historian in the reign of Akbar. The Mughal chronicle is based on a range of sources including actual records of events, official documents and oral testimonies of knowledgeable person.

(ii) The AkbarNama is divided into three books of which the first two are chronicles and the third book is the Ain-i-Akbari. The Akbar Nama provides a detailed description of Akbar’s reign in the traditional diachronic sense of recording politically significant events as well as synchronic picture of all aspects of Akbar’s empire-geographic social administrative and cultural without reference to chronology.

 

Q.3. Why did Jaipal Singh plead for the protection of tribes in the Constituent Assembly ? Explain any two reasons. 

OR 

Q.3. Explain the ideals expressed in ‘Objectives Resolution’ introduced by Jawaharlal Nehru.

Answer: Jaipal Singh plead for the protection of tribes in the Constitutional Assembly because:

(i) Tribes had been dispossessed of the land they had settled, deprived of their forests and pastures, and forced to move in search of new homes.

(ii) Perceiving them as primitive and backward, the rest of society had spurned them.

Through these points Jaipal Singh wanted the society to mix with the tribes and was not asking for separate electorates, but he felt that reservation of seats in the legislature was essential to allow tribals to represent themselves.

OR

Answer: On 13th December 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru introduced the ‘Objectives Resolution’ in the Constituent Assembly. It proclaimed India to be an ‘Independent Sovereign Republic’, and guaranteed its citizens justice, equality and freedom, and assured that adequate safeguards shall be provided for minorities, backward and tribal areas, and Depressed and Other Backward Classes.

 

Part – B

Q.4. “Many reconstructions of Harappan religion are made on assumptions and archaeological interpretation.” Substantiate the statement.

Answer: (i) Early archaeologists thought that certain objects which seemed unusual or unfamiliar may have had a religious significance. These included terracotta figurines of women, heavily jewelled some with elaborate head-dresses, regarded as mother goddesses.

(ii) Rare stone statutory of men in an almost standardised posture, seated with one hand on the knee such as ‘priest king’ was also similarly classified.

(iii) Same structures have been assigned of ritual significance which include great bath and fire altars found at Kalibangan and Lothal.

(iv) Attempts have also been made to reconstruct religious beliefs and practices by examining seals, some of which seem to depict ritual scenes. Others, with plant motifs, are thought to indicate nature worship. Some animals — such as the one-horned animal, often called the ‘unicorn — depicted on seals seem to be mythical, composite creatures. In some seals, a figure shown seated cross-legged in a yogic posture, sometimes surrounded by animals, has been regarded as a depiction of ‘proto-Shiva’, that is, an early form of one of the major deities of HinduisnvBesides, conical stone objects have been ‘ classified as lingas.

 

Q.5. Examine any two evidences found by the archaeologist B.B. Lai after excavation at a village named Hastinapur in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.

Answer: In 1951-52, the archaeologist B.B. Lai excavated at a village named Hastinapur in Meerut (Uttar Pradesh). While the similarity in names could be coincidental, the location of the sites in the Upper Ganga Doab, where the Kuru kingdom was situated, suggests that it may have been the capital of the Kurus. Lai found evidence of five occupational levels, of which the second and third are of interest to us.

Lal noted about the houses in the second phase that within the limited area excavated, no definite plans of houses were obtained, but walls of mud and mud-bricks were duly encountered. The discovery of mud-plaster with prominent reed-marks suggested that some of the houses had reed walls plastered over the mud. For the third phase, Lai noted that houses of this period were built of mud-bricks as well as burnt bricks. Soaked jars and brick drains were used for draining out refuse water, while terracotta ring-wells may have been used both as wells and drainage pits. 

 

Q.6. Describe the beliefs of Virashaiva tradition in Karnataka.

Answer: The Virashaivas or Lingayats worship Shiva in his manifestation as a linga, and men usually wear a small linga in a silver case on a loop strung over the left shoulder. Those who are revered include the jangama or wandering monks. Lingayats believe that on death the devotee will be united with Shiva and will not return to this world.

Therefore, they do not practise funerary rites such as cremation, prescribed in the Dharmashastras. Instead, they ceremonially bury their dead. They challenged the idea of caste and the “pollution” attributed to certain groups by the Brahamanas. They questioned the theory of rebirth. These won them followers amongst those who were marginalised by the Brahmanical social order. The Lingayats also encouraged certain practices that were disapproved in the Dharmashastras, such as post-puberty marriage and remarriage of widows. The understanding of Virashaiva tradition is derived from Vachanas (oral sayings) composed in Kannada by women and men who joined the movement.

 

Q.7. Analyse the rituals associated with Mahanavami Dibba at the Royal Centre in Vijayanagar. 

OR

Q.7. Analyse the main features of Amara-Nayaka System which was introduced in Vijayanagara Empire.

Answer: Rituals associated with the structure probably coincided with Mahanavami of the ten-day Hindu festival during the autumn season. The Vijayanagara kings displayed their prestige, power and suzerainty on this occasion. The ceremonies performed on the occasion included image worship, worship of the state horse, and the sacrifice of buffaloes and other animals. 

Dances, wrestling matches, and processions of caparisoned horses, elephants and chariots and soldiers, as well as ritual presentations before the king and his guests by the chief nayakas and subordinate kings marked the occasion. These ceremonies were imbued with deep symbolic meanings. On the last day of the festival the king inspected his army and the armies of the nayakas in a grand ceremony in an open field. On this occasion the kings accepted rich gifts from the nayakas.

OR

Answer: The Amara-Nayaka System was a major political innovation of the Vijayanagara Empire. It is likely that many features of this system were derived from the Iqta system of the Delhi Sultanate. The Amara-Nayakas were military commanders who were given territories to govern by Raya.

They collected taxes and other dues from peasants, craftspersons and traders in the area. They retained a part of the revenue for personal use and for maintaining a stipulated contingent of horses and elephants. These contingents provided the Vijayanagara kings with an effective fighting force with which they brought the entire southern peninsula under their control. Some of the revenue was also used for the maintenance of temples and irrigation works. They sent tribute to the king annually and personally appeared in the royal court with gifts to express their loyalty.

 

Q.8. Why was the Colonial Government keen on carrying out regular surveys and mapping various parts of the country ? Explain.

OR

Q.8. Why did Taluqdars and Sepoys of Awadh join )the Revolt of 1857 ? Explain.

Answer: Colonial rule was based on the production of enormous amounts of data. The British kept detailed records of their trading activities in order to regulate their commercial affairs. To keep track of life in the growing cities, they carried out regular surveys, gathered statistical data, and published various official reports. From the early years, the colonial government was keen on mapping.

Good maps were necessary to understand the landscape and know the topography. This knowledge would allow better control over the region. When towns began to grow, maps were prepared not only to plan the development of these towns but also to develop commerce and consolidate power. The town maps give information regarding the location of hills, rivers and vegetation, all important for planning structures for defence purposes. They also show the location of the ghats, density and quality of houses and alignment of roads, used to gauge commercial possibilities and plan strategies of taxation.

OR

Answer: The annexation by the British not only displaced the Nawab but also dispossessed the taluqdars of Awadh. The countryside of Awadh was dotted with the estates and forts of taluqdars who for many generations had controlled land and power in the countryside. Before the coming of the British, taluqdars maintained armed retainers, built forts, and enjoyed a degree of autonomy, as long as they accepted the suzerainty of the Nawab and paid the revenue of their taluq. Some of the bigger taluqdars had as many as 12,000 foot-soldiers and even the smaller ones had about 200. The British were unwilling to tolerate the power of the taluqdars.Immediately after the annexation, the taluqdars were  disarmed and their forts were destroyed.

The sepoys had complained for decades over low levels of pay and the difficulty of getting a leave. In the 1840s, when the sepoys who had a friendly relationships with the British officers then began to change. The officers developed a sense of superiority and started treating the sepoys as their racial inferiors, riding roughshod over their sensibilities. Abuse and physical violence became common and thus the distance between sepoys and officers grew. Trust was replaced by suspicion. The episode of the greased cartridges was a classic example of this.

 

Q.9. “The initiatives in Champaran, Ahmedabad and Kheda marked Gandhiji out as a nationalist with a deep sympathy for the poor.” Substantiate the statement.

Answer: Gandhiji in the last month of the year 1916 was presented with an opportunity to put his precepts into practice. At the annual Congress held in Lucknow, Gandhiji was approached by a peasant from Champaran in Bihar, who told about the harsh treatment by the British indigo planters.

After this information, Mahatma Gandhi had to spend much of 1917 in Champaran, seeking to obtain freedom for the peasants, security of tenure as well as the freedom to cultivate the crops of their choice. The following year, 1918, Gandhiji was involved in two campaigns in his home state of Gujarat. First, he intervened better working conditions for the textile mill workers in Ahmedabad. Then he joined the peasants in Kheda, in asking the state for the remission of taxes following the failure of their harvest. These initiatives in Champarari, Ahmedabad and Kheda marked Gandhiji out as a nationalist with a deep sympathy for the poor.

 

Part – C

Q.10. “Buddhism grew rapidly both during the lifetime of the Buddha and after his death.” Justify the statement with suitable arguments. 

OR

Q.10. “Among the best preserved monuments of the 600 BCE to 600 CE is the Stupa at Sanchi.” Justify the statement with suitable arguments in the context of its sculptural features and conservation policy taken up in the nineteenth century.

Answer: Gautam Buddha founded Buddhism in the 6th century BCE. The religion became popular during the lifetime of Buddha and continue to spread beyond India after his death. The reason for the popularity and propagation of Buddhism was its message and its simplicity.

People did not find its teachings difficult to understand. Local language was used by the Sangh to spread it. In fact, Gautam Buddha used to speak in the Prakrit language rather than in Sanskrit. Buddha was against any rituals so he did away with them. People found it easy to follow this philosophy. Asoka and later on other kings accepted Buddhism as their religion, because it was a powerful creed at that time.

Buddha did not believe in caste system and treated everyone equally which meant the people of the lower caste were happy. Buddhism attached importance to conduct and values rather than claims of superiority based on birth. They emphasised on ‘meta’ (fellow feeling) and ‘karuna’ (compassion) ‘ especially for those who were younger and weaker than oneself. These ideas drew men and women to the fold of Buddhism. A body of followers of Buddha was founded in an organization known as ‘Sangha.’ Followers came from many social groups which included kings, wealthy men gajapatis and humbler folk.

The teachings of Buddha were written in Tripitakas, or the Three basket. Buddhist Sangha was quick to spread the message of Buddha to different parts of India and abroad. Buddhism was opposed to customs and rituals as was done in Brahmanism.

OR

Answer: Stupas were sacred places where the relics of the Buddha such as his bodily remains or objects used by him were buried.

According to a Buddhist text known as the Ashokavadana. Ashoka distributed portions of the Buddha’s relics to every important town and ordered the construction of stupas over them. By the second century BCE a number of Stupas, like Sanchi and others had been built.

Art historians have carefully studied the sculpture at Sanchi and identified it as a scene from the Vessantara Jataka.

The empty seat was meant to indicate the meditation of the Buddha, and the stupa was meant to represent the Mahaparinirvana. Another frequently used symbol was the wheel. This stood for the first sermon of the Buddha, delivered at Sarnath. The tree symbolises an event in the life of the Buddha. According to popular belief, Shalabhanjika was a woman whose touch caused trees to flower and bear fruit. It is likely that this was regarded as an auspicious symbol and integrated into the decoration of the stupa. Animals were after used as symbols of human attributes. Elephants (signify strength and wisdom), horses, monkeys and battle scenes are also, engraved at the stupa.

While some historians identify the figure as Maya, the mother of the Buddha, others identify her with a popular goddess, Gajalakshmi—literally, the goddess of good fortune—who is associated with elephants. Serpent found on several pillars seems to be derived from other popular traditions.

Conservation policy taken up in the nineteenth century:

The rulers of Bhopal in the 19th century, Shahjehan Begum and her successor Sultan Jehan Begum, provided money for the preservation of the ancient site. John Marshall dedicated his important volumes on Sanchi to Sultan Jehan. She funded the museum and publication of the volumes on Sanchi written by John Marshall.

French sought ruler Shahjehan Begum’s permission to take away the eastern gateway of Sanchi Stupa but both French and the English were satisfied with carefully prepared plaster cast copies and the original remained at the site.

 

Q.11. Describe the perspective of Ibn Battuta and Francois Bernier on the condition of women in the Indian subcontinent. 

OR

Q.11. Describe Bernier’s views on the land-ownership of Mughals.

Answer: Ibn Battuta’s account, Rihla, states that female slaves were in the service of the Sultan who were experts in music and dance.

Ibn Battuta himself enjoyed their performances at the wedding of the Sultan’s sister. Female slaves were also employed by the Sultan to keep a watch on his nobles.

They entered the house unannounced. They communicate all the information to the Sultan. They were captured in raids and expedition. They were openly sold in markets, like any other commodity and were also given as gifts. Beriner highlighted the ill treatment of women in India. He described the practice of Sati. He chose his practice as a crucial marker of difference between Western and Eastern societies.

OR

Answer: Bernier’s description of land ownership of Mughals:

  1. Berniers said that there was no private property during Mughal India.
  2. He believed in the virtues of private property.
  3. He saw crown ownership as harmful for both state and the people.
  4. He thought Mughal emperors owned the entire land.
  5. This “had disastrous consequences for the state, and society.
  6. Owing to crown ownership the land holders could not pass the property to their children.
  7. They were averse to long term investment in the sustenance and expansion of production. 
  8. This had led to uniform ruination of agriculture.
  9. The French philosopher Montesquieu used this account to develop the idea of oriental despotism according to which rulers in Asia (the Orient or East) enjoyed absolute authority over their subjects who were kept in conditions of subjugation and poverty arguing that all land belonged to the king and the private property was nonexistent.

 

Q.12. Explain the events that led to the communal politics and Partition of India. 

OR

Q.12. Explain the strengths and limitations of oral testimonies in the understanding of Partition of India.

Answer: The differences between the communal political parties were creating a divide that later on became difficult to bridge. Not only this, the British government began playing one party against the other to weaken the national movement and prolong their stay in India.

(i) Right from the beginning, the British followed the policy of divide and rule. Before the coming of the British, the Hindus and the Muslims lived happily in India. There was unity, mutual cooperation and brotherhood among them.

(ii) To weaken the National Movement, the government actively encouraged the Muslim League to follow their communal demands. In fact, they got some Muslim leaders to form the League in 1905, after the Partition of Bengal. Also the League’s proposal for a coalition government in the united provinces was rejected by the Congress after the provincial election of 1937.

(iii) The role of the political leaders was also responsible for the partition of India. Prominent among them was Jinnah, who lead the Muslim League and passed the Lahore Resolution Remanding a measure of autonomy for the Muslim majority areas that gave birth to a new nation called Pakistan.

(iv) During the 1920s and early 1930s tension grew around a number of issues. Muslims were angered by ‘music-before-mosque’, by the cow protection movement formation of the Hindu Mahasabha in 1915 and by the efforts of the Arya Samaj to bring back to the Hindu fold (shuddhi) those who had recently converted to Islam.

(v) Hindus were angered by the rapid spread of tabligh (propaganda) and tanzim (organisation) after 1923.

(vi) Post War Developments : During 1945 the British agreed to create an entirely Indian Central Executive Council except for the Viceroy and the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, as a preliminary step towards full independence. Discussions about the transfer of power broke down due to Jinnah’s unrelenting demand that the League had an absolute right to choose all the Muslim members of the Executive Council and that there should be a kind of communal veto in the Council.

(vii) Failure of the Cabinet : Mission (March 1946) was short lived as the Muslim League wanted the grouping to be compulsory, with sections B and C developing into strong entities with the right to secede from the Union in the future.

(viii) Direct Action Day : After withdrawing its support to the Cabinet Mission plan, the Muslim League decided on ‘Direct Action’ for winning its demand for Pakistan. It announced on 16 August 1946 as Direct Action Day. On this day, riots broke out in Calcutta, lasting several days and leaving several thousand people dead. By March 1947 violence spread to many parts of Northern India.

(ix) Withdrawal of law and order from 1946 to 1947: There was a complete breakdown of authority in the city of Amritsar. British officials did not know how to handle this situation: 

They were unwilling to take decisions, and hesitant to intervene. When panic-stricken people appealed for help, British Officials asked them to contact Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabh Bhai Patel or M. A. Jinnah. Nobody knew who could exercise authority and power. The top leadership of the Indian parties, barring Mahatma Gandhi, were involved in negotiations regarding independence while many Indian civil servants in the affected provinces feared for the own lives and property. The British were busy preparing to quit India.

(x) Compounded Problems : Problems compounded because Indian soldiers and policemen came to act as Hindus, Muslims or Sikhs. As communal tension mounted, the professional commitment of those in uniform could not be relied upon. In many places not only did policemen help their co-religionists but they also attacked members of other communities.

OR

Answer: The strengths of oral testimonies in the understanding of Partition of India :

  1. Oral history helps us grasp experiences and memories in detail.
  2. It enables historians to write richly textured, vivid accounts of what happened to people during events such as Partition which would be impossible to extract this kind of information from government documents.
  3. It also allows historians to broaden the boundaries of their discipline about the lived experiences of the poor and the powerless. For example, about Latif’s father, the women of Thoa Khala.
  4. Moving beyond the actions of the well-off and the well-known, the oral history of Partition has succeeded in exploring the experiences of those men and women that were ignored, taken for granted, or mentioned only in passing in mainstream history.
  5. Oral narratives memoirs, diaries, family histories first hand written accounts help to understand the trials and tribulations of ordinary people during the partition of the country. Memories and experiences shape the reality of an event.

Oral testimonies tell us about the day to day experiences of those affected by the government decision to divide the country

The limitations of oral testimonies is the understanding of Partition of India :

  1. Many historians believed that oral data seem to lack concreteness and the chronology they yield may have been imprecise. Historians argue that the uniqueness of personal experience makes generalisation difficult: a large picture cannot be built from such micro-evidence, and one witness is no witness.
  2. They also think that oral accounts are concerned with tangential issues, and that the small individual experiences which remain in memory are irrelevant to the unfolding of larger processes of history.
  3. If history has to accord presence to the ordinary and powerless, then the oral history of Partition is not concerned with tangential matters.
  4. The experiences it relates are central to the story, so much so that oral sources should be used to check other sources and vice versa.

 

Part – D

Q.13. Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow : Prabhavati Gupta and the village of Danguna

This is what Prabhavati Gupta states in her inscription:

Prabhavati Gupta … commands the gramakutumbinas (householders/peasants living in the village),

Brahmanas and others living in the village of Danguna…

“Be it known to you that on the twelfth (lunar day) of the bright (fortnight) of Karttika, we have, in order to increase our religious merit donated this village with the pouring out of water, to the Acharya

(teacher) Chanalasvamin…. You should obey all (his) commands ….

We confer on (him) the following exemptions typical r of an agrahara…. (this village is) not to be entered

by soldiers and policeman; (it is) exempt from (the obligation to provide) grass, (animal) hides as seats, and charcoal (to touring royal officers); exempt from (the royal prerogative of) purchasing fermenting liquor and digging (salt); exempt from (the right to) mines and khadira trees; exempt from (the obligation to supply) flowers and milk; (it is donated) together with (the right to) hidden treasures and deposits (and) together with major and minor taxes ”

This charger has been written in the thirteenth (regnal) year. (It has been) engraved by Chakradasa.

(a) How did Prabhavati Gupta show her authority through the inscription ?

(b) How did the inscription gives us an idea about the rural population ?

(c) Examine the importance of the charter issued by Prabhavati Gupta.

Answer: (a) Her authority is reflected in the language used in the inscription.

(b) The inscription gives us information about the rural.population as the inscription addresses the ‘householders/peasants living in the village, the Brahmanas and others living in the village of Danguna.

(c) Charter was a command or order for all living in the village and they had to obey the commands. It provides insight into the relationship between cultivators and the state. It also gives an idea about rural population who were expected to provide a range of produce to the king and his representatives.

 

Q.14. Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Nobles at Court

The Jesuit Priest Father Antonio Monserrate, resident at the court of Akbar, noticed :

In order to prevent the great nobles becoming insolent through the unchallenged enjoyment of power, the King summons them to court and gives them imperious commands, as though they were his slaves. The obedience to these commands ill suits their exalted rank and dignity.

(a) Examine the relationship between Akbar and his nobles. 

(b) How do you think that the nobility was an important pillar of the Mughal State ?

(c) Explain the observation of the Jesuit Priest Father Antonio Monserrate regarding this relationship.

Answer:

(a) The king would summon the nobles to the court and give them imperial commands as though they were his slaves. This was to prevent the great nobles from becoming insolent through unchallenged enjoyment of power. The king granted titles to men of merit; awards were also given.

(b) The nobility was an important pillar of the Mughal state as they were recruited from diverse ethnic and religious groups to aid in effective administration. The nobles participated in military campaigns with their armies and also served as officers of the empire in the provinces.

(c) The Jesuit Priest Father Antonio Monserrate observe that the members of the Jesuit mission interpreted the emperor’s open interest in the doctrines of Christianity as a sign of his acceptance of their faith. This could be understood in relation to the intolerant religious atmosphere that existed in Europe at the time. High respect shown by Akbar towards the members of the Jesuit mission impressed them deeply.

 

Q.15. Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow :

Buchanan on the Santhals Buchanan wrote :

They are very clever in clearing new lands, but live meanly. Their huts have no fence, and the walls are made of small sticks placed upright, close together and plastered within with clay. They are small and slovenly, and too flat-roofed, with very little arch.

(a) Examine the role of Buchanan as an agent of the East India Company ? 

(b) Analyse the economic activities of Santhals. 

(c) How did Buchanan describe the living conditions of Santhals ? 

OR

Q.15. Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow :

How debts mounted

In a petition to the Deccan Riots Commission a ryot explained how the system of loans worked :

A sowkar lends his debtor ₹ 100 on bond at ₹ 3-2 annas per cent per mensem. The latter agrees to pay the amount within eight days from the passing of the bond. Three years after the stipulated time for repaying the amount, the sowkar takes from his debtor another bond for the principal and interest together at the same rate of interest, and allows him 125 days’ time to liquidate the debt. After the lapse of 3 years and 15 days a third bond is passed by the debtor …. (this process is repeated) at the end of 12 years … his interest on ₹ 1,000 amounts to ₹ 2,028-10 annas-3 paise.

(a) For what purpose did ryots get loans from money lenders ?

(b) How did the ryot explain the system of loans ?

(c) How do you think that the way of borrowing money by the ryots brought misery to them ? 

Answer: Buchanan on that Santhals :

(a) Buchanan was employed by the East India Company. He marched everywhere with a large army of people—draughtsmen, surveyors, palanquin bearers, coolies, etc. As an agent of the East India Company, Buchanan had to report on the activity of the Santhals.

(b) (i) The Santhals cultivated a range of commercial crops for the market.

(ii) The dealt with traders and moneylenders as well.

(c) According to Buchanan, the Santhals had very little needs. They lived in simple huts made-up of small sticks and plastered with mud. The design of the huts was simple with flat roofs and no arches. The huts were built small and dishevelled. They had no fence.

OR

Answer: How debts mounted

(a) They needed loans even to buy their everyday needs and meet their production expenditure. Cultivators required loans for extending their average, moving into new areas, and transforming pasture land into cultivated fields. But to expand cultivation peasants needed more ploughs and cattle. They needed money to buy seeds and land. For this they had to turn to the moneylenders for loans.

(b) The sowkar (sahukar) lends his debtor Rs. 100 on bond at Rs. 3-2 annas per cent per mensem. The latter agrees to pay the amount within eight days from the passing of the bond. Three years after the stipulated time for repaying the amount, the sowkar takes from his debtor another bond for the principal and interest together at the same rate of interest, and allows him a period of 125 days to liquidate the debt. After the lapse of 3 years and 15 days, a third bond is passed by the debtor. This process is repeated at the end of 12 years and his interest in Rs. 1000 amounts to Rs. 2028—10 annas-3 paise.

(c) Over time, the ryots and peasants came to associate the misery of their lives with the new regime of bonds and deeds. They were made to sign and put thumb impressions on documents, but they did not know what they were actually signing. They had no idea of the clauses that moneylenders inserted in the bonds. They feared the written word. But they had no choice because to survive they needed loans, and moneylenders were unwilling to give loans without legal bonds.

 

Part – E

Q.16. (a) On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following appropriately :

(a) Dandi—a centre of national movement.

                                OR

(a)Masulipatnam-a city under British control in 1857.

(b) Panipat-a territory under Mughals.

                              OR

(b) On the same political outline map of India, three places have been marked as A, B and C which are related to matured Harappan. 

Answer:

 

 

 

 

History 12th Previous Year Question Paper 2019 SET-I (CBSE)

History

Part – A

Q.1. “John Marshall’s stint as Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India marked a major change in Indian Archaeology.” Explain the statement.

Answer: John Marshall, the Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India, from 1902 – 1928 has marked a major change in Indian Archaeology as he was the first professional archaeologist to work in India, and brought his experience of working in Greece and Crete to the field. He was very much interested in spectacular finds and equally keen to look for patterns of everyday life. He even announced in 1924 the discovery of a new civilization in the Indus Valley, to the world.

 

Q.2. State the role played by women in agrarian society during the 16th and 17th centuries. 

Answer: Women worked with men shoulder to shoulder in the fields. Men tilled and ploughed, while women sewed, weeded, threshed and winnowed the harvest. Artisanal tasks such as spinning yarn, shifting and kneading clay for pottery, and embroidery were among the many aspects of production dependent on female labour.

 

Q.3. Why did Jaipal Singh plead for the protection of tribes in the Constituent Assembly ? Explain any two reasons. 

OR 

Q.3. Explain the ideals expressed in ‘Objectives Resolution’ introduced by Jawaharlal Nehru.

Answer: Jaipal Singh plead for the protection of tribes in the Constitutional Assembly because:

(i) Tribes had been dispossessed of the land they had settled, deprived of their forests and pastures, and forced to move in search of new homes.

(ii) Perceiving them as primitive and backward, the rest of society had spurned them.

Through these points Jaipal Singh wanted the society to mix with the tribes and was not asking for separate electorates, but he felt that reservation of seats in the legislature was essential to allow tribals to represent themselves.

OR

Answer: On 13th December 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru introduced the ‘Objectives Resolution’ in the Constituent Assembly. It proclaimed India to be an ‘Independent Sovereign Republic’, and guaranteed its citizens justice, equality and freedom, and assured that adequate safeguards shall be provided for minorities, backward and tribal areas, and Depressed and Other Backward Classes.

 

Part – B

Q.4. “The most unique feature of the Harappan civilization was the development of domestic architecture.” Substantiate the statement. 

Answer: The Lower Town at Mohenjo Daro provides examples of residential buildings. Many were centred on a courtyard, with rooms on all sides. The courtyard was probably the centre for activities such as cooking and weaving, particularly during hot and dry weather. There were no windows in the walls along the ground level. Besides, the main entrance did not give a direct view of the interior or the courtyard. Every house had its own bathroom paved with bricks, with drains connected through the wall to the street drains. Some houses still have remains of staircases to reach a second storey or the roof. Many houses had wells, often in a room that could be reached from the outside and perhaps used by passers-by.

 

Q.5. Examine any two evidences found by the archaeologist B.B. Lai after excavation at a village named Hastinapur in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.

Answer: In 1951-52, the archaeologist B.B. Lai excavated at a village named Hastinapur in Meerut (Uttar Pradesh). While the similarity in names could be coincidental, the location of the sites in the Upper Ganga Doab, where the Kuru kingdom was situated, suggests that it may have been the capital of the Kurus. Lai found evidence of five occupational levels, of which the second and third are of interest to us.

Lal noted about the houses in the second phase that within the limited area excavated, no definite plans of houses were obtained, but walls of mud and mud-bricks were duly encountered. The discovery of mud-plaster with prominent reed-marks suggested that some of the houses had reed walls plastered over the mud. For the third phase, Lai noted that houses of this period were built of mud-bricks as well as burnt bricks. Soaked jars and brick drains were used for draining out refuse water, while terracotta ring-wells may have been used both as wells and drainage pits. 

 

Q.6. Describe the main teachings of Baba Guru Nanak. 

Answer: Teaching of Baba Guru Nanak :

Baba Guru Nanak firmly repudiated the external practices of the religions he saw around him. He rejected sacrifices, ritual bath, image worship, austerities and the scriptures of both Hindu and Muslims. He organise his followers into a community. He set up rules for congregational worship (sangat)’ involving collective recitation. For Baba Nanak, the absolute or Rab had no gender form. He proposed a simple way to connect to the Divine by remembering and repeating the Divine’s Name through hymns called shabad.

 

Q.7. Analyse the rituals associated with Mahanavami Dibba at the Royal Centre in Vijayanagar. 

OR

Q.7. Analyse the main features of Amara-Nayaka System which was introduced in Vijayanagara Empire.

Answer: Rituals associated with the structure probably coincided with Mahanavami of the ten-day Hindu festival during the autumn season. The Vijayanagara kings displayed their prestige, power and suzerainty on this occasion. The ceremonies performed on the occasion included image worship, worship of the state horse, and the sacrifice of buffaloes and other animals. 

Dances, wrestling matches, and processions of caparisoned horses, elephants and chariots and soldiers, as well as ritual presentations before the king and his guests by the chief nayakas and subordinate kings marked the occasion. These ceremonies were imbued with deep symbolic meanings. On the last day of the festival the king inspected his army and the armies of the nayakas in a grand ceremony in an open field. On this occasion the kings accepted rich gifts from the nayakas.

OR

Answer: The Amara-Nayaka System was a major political innovation of the Vijayanagara Empire. It is likely that many features of this system were derived from the Iqta system of the Delhi Sultanate. The Amara-Nayakas were military commanders who were given territories to govern by Raya.

They collected taxes and other dues from peasants, craftspersons and traders in the area. They retained a part of the revenue for personal use and for maintaining a stipulated contingent of horses and elephants. These contingents provided the Vijayanagara kings with an effective fighting force with which they brought the entire southern peninsula under their control. Some of the revenue was also used for the maintenance of temples and irrigation works. They sent tribute to the king annually and personally appeared in the royal court with gifts to express their loyalty.

 

Q.8. Why was the Colonial Government keen on carrying out regular surveys and mapping various parts of the country ? Explain.

OR

Q.8. Why did Taluqdars and Sepoys of Awadh join )the Revolt of 1857 ? Explain.

Answer: Colonial rule was based on the production of enormous amounts of data. The British kept detailed records of their trading activities in order to regulate their commercial affairs. To keep track of life in the growing cities, they carried out regular surveys, gathered statistical data, and published various official reports. From the early years, the colonial government was keen on mapping.

Good maps were necessary to understand the landscape and know the topography. This knowledge would allow better control over the region. When towns began to grow, maps were prepared not only to plan the development of these towns but also to develop commerce and consolidate power. The town maps give information regarding the location of hills, rivers and vegetation, all important for planning structures for defence purposes. They also show the location of the ghats, density and quality of houses and alignment of roads, used to gauge commercial possibilities and plan strategies of taxation.

OR

Answer: The annexation by the British not only displaced the Nawab but also dispossessed the taluqdars of Awadh. The countryside of Awadh was dotted with the estates and forts of taluqdars who for many generations had controlled land and power in the countryside. Before the coming of the British, taluqdars maintained armed retainers, built forts, and enjoyed a degree of autonomy, as long as they accepted the suzerainty of the Nawab and paid the revenue of their taluq. Some of the bigger taluqdars had as many as 12,000 foot-soldiers and even the smaller ones had about 200. The British were unwilling to tolerate the power of the taluqdars.Immediately after the annexation, the taluqdars were  disarmed and their forts were destroyed.

The sepoys had complained for decades over low levels of pay and the difficulty of getting a leave. In the 1840s, when the sepoys who had a friendly relationships with the British officers then began to change. The officers developed a sense of superiority and started treating the sepoys as their racial inferiors, riding roughshod over their sensibilities. Abuse and physical violence became common and thus the distance between sepoys and officers grew. Trust was replaced by suspicion. The episode of the greased cartridges was a classic example of this.

 

Q.9. “The India in which Gandhiji came back in 1915 was rather different than the one he had left in 1893.” Substantiate the statement. 

Answer: In January 1915, Gandhiji returned to his homeland after two decades of residence abroad. Those years were spent for the most part in South Africa, where he went as a lawyer, and in time became a leader of the Indian community in that territory. The India that Mahatma Gandhi came back to in 1915 was rather different from the one that he had left in 1893. Although still a colony of the British, it was far more active in a political sense. The Indian National Congress then had branches in most major cities and towns.

Through the Swadeshi movement of 1905-07, it had broadened its appeal among the middle classes. That movement had thrown up some towering leaders — Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Maharashtra, Bipin Chandra Pal of Bengal, and Lala Rajpat Rai of Punjab. The trio was famous as Lai, Bal and Pal. Where these leaders advocated militant opposition to colonial rule, there was a group of ‘Moderates’ who preferred a more gradual and persuasive approach. Among these moderates was Gandhiji’s acknowledged political mentor, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, as well as Mohammad Ali Jinnah, who like Gandhiji, was a lawyer of the Gujarati extraction trained in London.

 

Part – C

Q.10. “Buddhism grew rapidly both during the lifetime of the Buddha and after his death.” Justify the statement with suitable arguments. 

OR

Q.10. “Among the best preserved monuments of the 600 BCE to 600 CE is the Stupa at Sanchi.” Justify the statement with suitable arguments in the context of its sculptural features and conservation policy taken up in the nineteenth century.

Answer: Gautam Buddha founded Buddhism in the 6th century BCE. The religion became popular during the lifetime of Buddha and continue to spread beyond India after his death. The reason for the popularity and propagation of Buddhism was its message and its simplicity.

People did not find its teachings difficult to understand. Local language was used by the Sangh to spread it. In fact, Gautam Buddha used to speak in the Prakrit language rather than in Sanskrit. Buddha was against any rituals so he did away with them. People found it easy to follow this philosophy. Asoka and later on other kings accepted Buddhism as their religion, because it was a powerful creed at that time.

Buddha did not believe in caste system and treated everyone equally which meant the people of the lower caste were happy. Buddhism attached importance to conduct and values rather than claims of superiority based on birth. They emphasised on ‘meta’ (fellow feeling) and ‘karuna’ (compassion) ‘ especially for those who were younger and weaker than oneself. These ideas drew men and women to the fold of Buddhism. A body of followers of Buddha was founded in an organization known as ‘Sangha.’ Followers came from many social groups which included kings, wealthy men gajapatis and humbler folk.

The teachings of Buddha were written in Tripitakas, or the Three basket. Buddhist Sangha was quick to spread the message of Buddha to different parts of India and abroad. Buddhism was opposed to customs and rituals as was done in Brahmanism.

OR

Answer: Stupas were sacred places where the relics of the Buddha such as his bodily remains or objects used by him were buried.

According to a Buddhist text known as the Ashokavadana. Ashoka distributed portions of the Buddha’s relics to every important town and ordered the construction of stupas over them. By the second century BCE a number of Stupas, like Sanchi and others had been built.

Art historians have carefully studied the sculpture at Sanchi and identified it as a scene from the Vessantara Jataka.

The empty seat was meant to indicate the meditation of the Buddha, and the stupa was meant to represent the Mahaparinirvana. Another frequently used symbol was the wheel. This stood for the first sermon of the Buddha, delivered at Sarnath. The tree symbolises an event in the life of the Buddha. According to popular belief, Shalabhanjika was a woman whose touch caused trees to flower and bear fruit. It is likely that this was regarded as an auspicious symbol and integrated into the decoration of the stupa. Animals were after used as symbols of human attributes. Elephants (signify strength and wisdom), horses, monkeys and battle scenes are also, engraved at the stupa.

While some historians identify the figure as Maya, the mother of the Buddha, others identify her with a popular goddess, Gajalakshmi—literally, the goddess of good fortune—who is associated with elephants. Serpent found on several pillars seems to be derived from other popular traditions.

Conservation policy taken up in the nineteenth century:

The rulers of Bhopal in the 19th century, Shahjehan Begum and her successor Sultan Jehan Begum, provided money for the preservation of the ancient site. John Marshall dedicated his important volumes on Sanchi to Sultan Jehan. She funded the museum and publication of the volumes on Sanchi written by John Marshall.

French sought ruler Shahjehan Begum’s permission to take away the eastern gateway of Sanchi Stupa but both French and the English were satisfied with carefully prepared plaster cast copies and the original remained at the site.

 

Q.11. Describe Bernier’s description of land ownership in India and also describe its influence on Western theorists from 18th century onwards.

OR

Q.11. Describe the experiences of Al-Biruni in the Indian Subcontinent.

Answer: According to Bernier, there was no private property during Mughal India. He was a firm believer in the virtues of private property, and saw crown ownership of land as being harmful for both the state and its people. He thought that in the Mughal Empire, the emperor owned all the land and distributed it among his nobles, and that this had disastrous consequences for the economy and society. Owing to crown ownership the land holders could not pass the property to their children. They were averse to long term investment in the sustenance and expansion of production. This had led to uniform ruination of agriculture.

Bernier’s descriptions influenced Western theorists from the 18th century onwards. The French philosopher Montesquieu, for instance, used this account to develop the idea of oriental despotism, according to which rulers in Asia (the Orient or East) enjoyed absolute authority over their subjects, who were kept in conditions of subjugation and poverty, arguing that all land belonged to the king and that private property was non-existent.

According to the above view, everybody, except the emperor and his nobles, barely managed to survive. This idea was further developed as the concept of Asiatic Mode of Production by Karl Marx in the 19 century. He argued that in India and other Asian countries before colonialism surplus was appropriated by the state. As in the case of the question of land ownership, Bernier was drawing an oversimplified picture. There were all kinds of towns : manufacturing towns, trading towns, port towns, sacred centres, pilgrimage towns, etc.

OR

Answer: Al-Biruni spent years in the company of Brahmana priests and scholars, learning Sanskrit, and studying religious and philosophical texts. While his itinerary is not clear, it is likely that he travelled widely in Punjab and parts of Northern India.

He also discussed several ‘barriers’ that he felt obstructed understanding. The first amongst these was language, Sanskrit was different from Arabic and Persia. Ideas and concepts could not be translated from one language into another.

The second barrier he identified was the difference in religious beliefs and practices. The self-absorption and consequent insularity of the local population according to him, constituted the third barrier.

He tried to explain the caste system by looking for parallels in other societies for example in Ancient Persia. He attempted to suggest that social divisions were not unique to India. He noted that in ancient Persia four social categories were recognized. He remarked that everything which falls into a state of an impurity strives and succeeds in regaining original condition of purity. The sun cleanses the air, and the salt in the sea prevents the water from becoming polluted. Al-Biruni’s description of the caste-system was deeply influenced by the Brahmanical point of view, which in real life was not quite as rigid. He wrote about the system of Varna.

According to him there were four castes. The highest caste was Bahamanas who according to the books of Hindus were created from the head of Brahma and Brahman is the only another name for the force called nature. The next caste was Kshatriyas who were created from the shoulders and hands of Brahma. The third caste was Vaishya, who were created from the thigh of Brahma. The fourth caste was Shudra, were created from the feet of Brahma.

 

Q.12. Explain the events that led to the communal politics and Partition of India. 

OR

Q.12. Explain the strengths and limitations of oral testimonies in the understanding of Partition of India.

Answer: The differences between the communal political parties were creating a divide that later on became difficult to bridge. Not only this, the British government began playing one party against the other to weaken the national movement and prolong their stay in India.

(i) Right from the beginning, the British followed the policy of divide and rule. Before the coming of the British, the Hindus and the Muslims lived happily in India. There was unity, mutual cooperation and brotherhood among them.

(ii) To weaken the National Movement, the government actively encouraged the Muslim League to follow their communal demands. In fact, they got some Muslim leaders to form the League in 1905, after the Partition of Bengal. Also the League’s proposal for a coalition government in the united provinces was rejected by the Congress after the provincial election of 1937.

(iii) The role of the political leaders was also responsible for the partition of India. Prominent among them was Jinnah, who lead the Muslim League and passed the Lahore Resolution Remanding a measure of autonomy for the Muslim majority areas that gave birth to a new nation called Pakistan.

(iv) During the 1920s and early 1930s tension grew around a number of issues. Muslims were angered by ‘music-before-mosque’, by the cow protection movement formation of the Hindu Mahasabha in 1915 and by the efforts of the Arya Samaj to bring back to the Hindu fold (shuddhi) those who had recently converted to Islam.

(v) Hindus were angered by the rapid spread of tabligh (propaganda) and tanzim (organisation) after 1923.

(vi) Post War Developments : During 1945 the British agreed to create an entirely Indian Central Executive Council except for the Viceroy and the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, as a preliminary step towards full independence. Discussions about the transfer of power broke down due to Jinnah’s unrelenting demand that the League had an absolute right to choose all the Muslim members of the Executive Council and that there should be a kind of communal veto in the Council.

(vii) Failure of the Cabinet : Mission (March 1946) was short lived as the Muslim League wanted the grouping to be compulsory, with sections B and C developing into strong entities with the right to secede from the Union in the future.

(viii) Direct Action Day : After withdrawing its support to the Cabinet Mission plan, the Muslim League decided on ‘Direct Action’ for winning its demand for Pakistan. It announced on 16 August 1946 as Direct Action Day. On this day, riots broke out in Calcutta, lasting several days and leaving several thousand people dead. By March 1947 violence spread to many parts of Northern India.

(ix) Withdrawal of law and order from 1946 to 1947: There was a complete breakdown of authority in the city of Amritsar. British officials did not know how to handle this situation: 

They were unwilling to take decisions, and hesitant to intervene. When panic-stricken people appealed for help, British Officials asked them to contact Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabh Bhai Patel or M. A. Jinnah. Nobody knew who could exercise authority and power. The top leadership of the Indian parties, barring Mahatma Gandhi, were involved in negotiations regarding independence while many Indian civil servants in the affected provinces feared for the own lives and property. The British were busy preparing to quit India.

(x) Compounded Problems : Problems compounded because Indian soldiers and policemen came to act as Hindus, Muslims or Sikhs. As communal tension mounted, the professional commitment of those in uniform could not be relied upon. In many places not only did policemen help their co-religionists but they also attacked members of other communities.

OR

Answer: The strengths of oral testimonies in the understanding of Partition of India :

  1. Oral history helps us grasp experiences and memories in detail.
  2. It enables historians to write richly textured, vivid accounts of what happened to people during events such as Partition which would be impossible to extract this kind of information from government documents.
  3. It also allows historians to broaden the boundaries of their discipline about the lived experiences of the poor and the powerless. For example, about Latif’s father, the women of Thoa Khala.
  4. Moving beyond the actions of the well-off and the well-known, the oral history of Partition has succeeded in exploring the experiences of those men and women that were ignored, taken for granted, or mentioned only in passing in mainstream history.
  5. Oral narratives memoirs, diaries, family histories first hand written accounts help to understand the trials and tribulations of ordinary people during the partition of the country. Memories and experiences shape the reality of an event.

Oral testimonies tell us about the day to day experiences of those affected by the government decision to divide the country

The limitations of oral testimonies is the understanding of Partition of India :

  1. Many historians believed that oral data seem to lack concreteness and the chronology they yield may have been imprecise. Historians argue that the uniqueness of personal experience makes generalisation difficult: a large picture cannot be built from such micro-evidence, and one witness is no witness.
  2. They also think that oral accounts are concerned with tangential issues, and that the small individual experiences which remain in memory are irrelevant to the unfolding of larger processes of history.
  3. If history has to accord presence to the ordinary and powerless, then the oral history of Partition is not concerned with tangential matters.
  4. The experiences it relates are central to the story, so much so that oral sources should be used to check other sources and vice versa.

 

Part – D

Q.13. Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow : Prabhavati Gupta and the village of Danguna

This is what Prabhavati Gupta states in her inscription:

Prabhavati Gupta … commands the gramakutumbinas (householders/peasants living in the village),

Brahmanas and others living in the village of Danguna…

“Be it known to you that on the twelfth (lunar day) of the bright (fortnight) of Karttika, we have, in order to increase our religious merit donated this village with the pouring out of water, to the Acharya

(teacher) Chanalasvamin…. You should obey all (his) commands ….

We confer on (him) the following exemptions typical r of an agrahara…. (this village is) not to be entered

by soldiers and policeman; (it is) exempt from (the obligation to provide) grass, (animal) hides as seats, and charcoal (to touring royal officers); exempt from (the royal prerogative of) purchasing fermenting liquor and digging (salt); exempt from (the right to) mines and khadira trees; exempt from (the obligation to supply) flowers and milk; (it is donated) together with (the right to) hidden treasures and deposits (and) together with major and minor taxes ”

This charger has been written in the thirteenth (regnal) year. (It has been) engraved by Chakradasa.

(a) How did Prabhavati Gupta show her authority through the inscription ?

(b) How did the inscription gives us an idea about the rural population ?

(c) Examine the importance of the charter issued by Prabhavati Gupta.

Answer: (a) Her authority is reflected in the language used in the inscription.

(b) The inscription gives us information about the rural.population as the inscription addresses the ‘householders/peasants living in the village, the Brahmanas and others living in the village of Danguna.

(c) Charter was a command or order for all living in the village and they had to obey the commands. It provides insight into the relationship between cultivators and the state. It also gives an idea about rural population who were expected to provide a range of produce to the king and his representatives.

 

Q.14. Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Nobles at Court

The Jesuit Priest Father Antonio Monserrate, resident at the court of Akbar, noticed :

In order to prevent the great nobles becoming insolent through the unchallenged enjoyment of power, the King summons them to court and gives them imperious commands, as though they were his slaves. The obedience to these commands ill suits their exalted rank and dignity.

(a) Examine the relationship between Akbar and his nobles. 

(b) How do you think that the nobility was an important pillar of the Mughal State ?

(c) Explain the observation of the Jesuit Priest Father Antonio Monserrate regarding this relationship.

Answer:

(a) The king would summon the nobles to the court and give them imperial commands as though they were his slaves. This was to prevent the great nobles from becoming insolent through unchallenged enjoyment of power. The king granted titles to men of merit; awards were also given.

(b) The nobility was an important pillar of the Mughal state as they were recruited from diverse ethnic and religious groups to aid in effective administration. The nobles participated in military campaigns with their armies and also served as officers of the empire in the provinces.

(c) The Jesuit Priest Father Antonio Monserrate observe that the members of the Jesuit mission interpreted the emperor’s open interest in the doctrines of Christianity as a sign of his acceptance of their faith. This could be understood in relation to the intolerant religious atmosphere that existed in Europe at the time. High respect shown by Akbar towards the members of the Jesuit mission impressed them deeply.

 

Q.15. Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow :

Buchanan on the Santhals Buchanan wrote :

They are very clever in clearing new lands, but live meanly. Their huts have no fence, and the walls are made of small sticks placed upright, close together and plastered within with clay. They are small and slovenly, and too flat-roofed, with very little arch.

(a) Examine the role of Buchanan as an agent of the East India Company ? 

(b) Analyse the economic activities of Santhals. 

(c) How did Buchanan describe the living conditions of Santhals ? 

OR

Q.15. Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow :

How debts mounted

In a petition to the Deccan Riots Commission a ryot explained how the system of loans worked :

A sowkar lends his debtor ₹ 100 on bond at ₹ 3-2 annas per cent per mensem. The latter agrees to pay the amount within eight days from the passing of the bond. Three years after the stipulated time for repaying the amount, the sowkar takes from his debtor another bond for the principal and interest together at the same rate of interest, and allows him 125 days’ time to liquidate the debt. After the lapse of 3 years and 15 days a third bond is passed by the debtor …. (this process is repeated) at the end of 12 years … his interest on ₹ 1,000 amounts to ₹ 2,028-10 annas-3 paise.

(a) For what purpose did ryots get loans from money lenders ?

(b) How did the ryot explain the system of loans ?

(c) How do you think that the way of borrowing money by the ryots brought misery to them ? 

Answer: Buchanan on that Santhals :

(a) Buchanan was employed by the East India Company. He marched everywhere with a large army of people—draughtsmen, surveyors, palanquin bearers, coolies, etc. As an agent of the East India Company, Buchanan had to report on the activity of the Santhals.

(b) (i) The Santhals cultivated a range of commercial crops for the market.

(ii) The dealt with traders and moneylenders as well.

(c) According to Buchanan, the Santhals had very little needs. They lived in simple huts made-up of small sticks and plastered with mud. The design of the huts was simple with flat roofs and no arches. The huts were built small and dishevelled. They had no fence.

OR

Answer: How debts mounted

(a) They needed loans even to buy their everyday needs and meet their production expenditure. Cultivators required loans for extending their average, moving into new areas, and transforming pasture land into cultivated fields. But to expand cultivation peasants needed more ploughs and cattle. They needed money to buy seeds and land. For this they had to turn to the moneylenders for loans.

(b) The sowkar (sahukar) lends his debtor Rs. 100 on bond at Rs. 3-2 annas per cent per mensem. The latter agrees to pay the amount within eight days from the passing of the bond. Three years after the stipulated time for repaying the amount, the sowkar takes from his debtor another bond for the principal and interest together at the same rate of interest, and allows him a period of 125 days to liquidate the debt. After the lapse of 3 years and 15 days, a third bond is passed by the debtor. This process is repeated at the end of 12 years and his interest in Rs. 1000 amounts to Rs. 2028—10 annas-3 paise.

(c) Over time, the ryots and peasants came to associate the misery of their lives with the new regime of bonds and deeds. They were made to sign and put thumb impressions on documents, but they did not know what they were actually signing. They had no idea of the clauses that moneylenders inserted in the bonds. They feared the written word. But they had no choice because to survive they needed loans, and moneylenders were unwilling to give loans without legal bonds.

 

Part – E

Q.16. On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following appropriately :

(a) Dandi—a centre of national movement.

                                  OR

(a) Masulipatnam-a city under British control in 1857.

(b) Panipat-a territory under Mughals.

                               OR

(b) On the same political outline map of India, three places have been marked as A, B and C which are related to matured Harappan. 

Answer:

Hindi 10th Previous Year Question Paper 2019 SET-II (CBSE)

हिन्दी

खण्ड ‘क’

प्रश्न 1. निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िए और पूछे गए प्रश्नों का उत्तर  लिखिए। 

आजकल दूरदर्शन पर आने वाले धारावाहिक देखने का प्रचलन बढ़ गया है बाल्यावस्था में ही शौक हानिकारक है दूरदर्शन पर दिखाए जाने वाले धारावाहिक निम्न स्तर के होते हैं। उन में अश्लीलता,  अन आस्था, फैशन तथा नैतिक बुराइयां ही अधिक देखने को मिलती है। छोटे बालक मानसिक रुप से परिपक्व नहीं होते। इसमें भेजो भी देखते हैं उनका प्रभाव उनके दिमाग पर अंकित हो जाता है। बुरी आदतों को वैसी ही अपना लेते हैं  समाज शास्त्रियों के एक वर्ग का मानना है कि समाज के चारों ओर फैली बुराइयों का एक बड़ा कारण है। दूरदर्शन से आत्मसीमितता, जड़ता, पंगुता अकेलापन आदि दोष बढ़े है । बिना समय की पाबंदी के घटकों दूरदर्शनबिल्कुल गलत है।  कैसे मान सकता विकास रुक जाता है, नजर कमजोर हो सकती है और तनाव बढ़ सकता है। 

(क)  आजकल दूरदर्शन के धारावाहिकों का स्तर कैसा है?

(ख) दूरदर्शन का दुष्प्रभाव केंद्र अधिक पड़ता है और क्यों?

(ग)  दूरदर्शन के क्या-क्या दुष्प्रभाव है?

(घ) ‘ बाल्यावस्था’ शब्द का संधि विच्छेद कीजिए। 

(ड) उपन्यास के लिए उपयुक्त शीर्षक लिखिए। 

उत्तर: (क) आजकल दूरदर्शनओं के धारावाहिकों का स्तर का घटता जा रहा है उसमें दर्शकों को अश्लीलता, अनास्था, फैशन लता नैतिक बुराइयां ही अधिक देखने को मिलती है। 

(ख)  दूरदर्शन का दुष्प्रभाव सबसे अधिक छोटे बालकों पर पड़ता है क्योंकि वह मानसिक रूप से परिपक्व होता है।  वे जो इस छोटी उम्र में देखते हैं उसका प्रभाव उन पर अधिक पड़ता है। 

(ग)  दूरदर्शन के कई दुष्प्रभाव है जैसे इससे समाज में फैली बुराइयों को बढ़ावा मिलता है।  इससे आत्मसीमितता, जड़ता, पंगुता अकेलापन आदि दोष बढ़े है। नजर कमजोर पड़ती है घंटो दूरदर्शन देखने से समय की पाबंदी कट जाती है। 

(घ) ‘बाल्यावस्था’ का संधि विच्छेद बाल +अवस्था है

(ड़) उपयुक्त का शीर्षक दूरदर्शन के प्रभाव।

 

प्रश्न 2. निम्नलिखित काव्यांश को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िए और  पूछे गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए

कोलाहल हो, 

या सन्नाटा, कविता सदा सृजन करती है, 

जब भी आँसू 

हुआ पराजित, कविता सदा जंग लड़ती है। 

जब भी कर्ता हुआ अकर्ता, 

कविता ने जीना सिखलाया 

यात्राएँ जब मौन हो गईं 

कविता ने चलना सिखलाया 

जब भी तम का 

जुल्म चढ़ा है, कविता नया सूर्य गढ़ती है, 

जब गीतों की फसलें लुटती 

शीलहरण होता कलियों का, 

शब्दहीन जब हुई चेतना 

तब-तब चैन लुटा गलियों का 

जब कुर्सी का 

कंस गरजता, कविता स्वयं कृष्ण बनती है। 

अपने भी हो गए पराए

यूँ झूठे अनुबंध हो गए 

घर में ही वनवास हो रहा 

यूँ गूंगे संबंध हो गए।

(क) कविता कैसी परिस्थितियों में सूजन करती है? स्पष्ट कीजिए। 

(ख) भाव समझाइए जब भी तम का जुल्म बढ़ा है, कविता नया सूर्य गढ़ती है।’ 

(ग) गलियों का चैन कब लुटता है?

(घ) “परस्पर संबंधों में दरियाँ बढ़ने लर्गी-यह भाव किस पंक्ति में आया है? 

(ङ) कविता जीना कब सिखाती है? 

अथवा 

जो बीत गई सो बात गई 

जीवन में एक सितारा था, 

माना, वह बेहद प्यारा था, 

वह डूब गया तो डूब गया। 

अंबर के आनन को देखो, 

कितने इसके तारे टूटे 

कितने इसके प्यारे छूटे, 

जो छूट गए फिर कहाँ मिले; 

पर बोलो टूटे तारों पर, 

कब अंबर शोक मनाता है? 

जो बीत गई सो बात गई। 

जीवन में वह था एक कुसुम, 

थे उस पर नित्य निछावर तुम, 

वह सूख गया तो सूख गया; 

मधुबन की छाती को देखो, 

सूखी कितनी इसकी कलियाँ, 

मुरझाई कितनी बल्लरियाँ, 

जो मुरझाई फिर कहाँ खिल, 

पर बोलो सूखे फूलों पर, 

कब मधुबन शोर मचाता है? 

जो बीत गई तो बात गई। 

(क) जो बीत गई सो बात गई से क्या तात्पर्य है। स्पष्ट कीजिए। 

(ख) आकाश की ओर कब देखना चाहिए, और क्यों? 

(ग) “सूखे फूल’ और ‘मधुबन के प्रतीकार्य स्पष्ट कीजिए। 

(घ) टूटे तारों का शोक कौन नहीं मनाता है? 

(ङ) आपके विचार से जीवन में एक सितारा किसे माना होगा? 

उत्तर: (क) कविता हमेशा ही कठिन परिस्थितियों को हमारे अनुकूल कर नए पथ का सृजन करती है। जब आँसू पराजित हो जाते हैं तो कविता अपनी लेखनी द्वारा प्रतिकूल परिस्थितियों से जंग लड़ती है। जब कर्ता हताश हो जाता है तो उसमें नई उमंग भरती है। कविता एक ऐसे नए सूरज को निर्माण करती है जो नया सवेरा लाता है। 

(ख) “जब भी तम का जुल्म बढ़ा है, कविता नया सूर्य गढ़ती है-को भाव यह है कि जब-जब अंधेरा अर्थात् प्रतिकूल परिस्थितियाँ अपने चरम पर होती हैं तो कविता अपनी लेखनी द्वारा इन प्रतिकूल अंधकारमय परिस्थितियों को अपने पथ प्रदर्शक शब्दों द्वारा नया सूर्य दिखाकर उन्हें प्रतिकूल बनाती है। 

(ग) गलियों का चैन शब्दहीन निर्दय चेतना द्वारा लुटता है। 

(घ) परस्पर संबंधों में दूरियाँ बढ़ने लगी :- यह भाव अपने भी हो गए पराए में आया है। 

(ङ) जब कर्ता अकर्ता हो जाता है अर्थात् प्रतिकूल परिस्थितियों के समक्ष हार जाता है तो कविता उसे जीना सिखाती है। 

अथवा 

उत्तर: (क) जो बीत गई सो बात गई से तात्पर्य है कि जो बीत गया वो हमारा कल था और वह दोबारा नहीं आएगा। अतीत के दुःखों को याद कर रोने से कोई लाभ नहीं। 

(ख) अंबर की ओर रात्रि में देखना चाहिए, जब उसमें अनगिनत तारे होते हैं क्योंकि तारे प्रतिदिन टूटते हैं पर अंबर हमेशा ही वैसा का वैसा रहता है। चाहे नए तारे आए या पुराने टूटे। 

(ग) मधुबन का अर्थ बगीचा एवं सूखे फूल मधुबन में मुरझाए फूल।। 

(घ) टूटे तारों का शोक अंबर नहीं मनाता है। 

(ङ) आपके विचार से जीवन में एक सितारा हमारे जीवन का महत्वपूर्ण व्यक्ति होता है जिसके इर्द-गिर्द हमारी दुनियाँ घुमती है। 

 

खण्ड ‘ख 

प्रश्न 3. निर्देशानुसार किन्हीं तीन के उत्तर लिखिए- 

(क) मैंने उस व्यक्ति को देखा जो पीड़ा से कराह रहा था। (संयुक्त वाक्य में बदलिए) 

(ख) जो व्यक्ति परिश्रमी होता है, वह अवश्य सफल होता है। (सरल वाक्य में बदलिए) 

(ग) वह कौन-सी पुस्तक है जो आपको बहुत याद है। रेखांकित उपवाक्य का भेद बदलिए) 

(घ) कश्मीरी गेट के निकल्सन कब्रगाह में उनका ताबूत उतारा गया। मिश्र वाक्य में बदलिए) 

उत्तर: (क) संयुक्त वाक्य मैंने उस व्यक्ति को देखा पर वह पीड़ा से कराह रहा था। 

(ख) सरल वाक्य-परिश्रमी व्यक्ति अवश्य सफल होता है। 

(ग) वह कौन-सी पुस्तक है’-प्रधान उपवाक्य 

(ग) वह कौन-सी पुस्तक है-प्रधान उपवाक्य 

(घ) जहाँ कश्मीरी गेटका निकाल्सन कब्रगाह तथा वहाँ उनका ताबूत उतारा गया। 

अथवा 

(घ) उनका ताबूत उतारा गया जहाँ कश्मीरी गेट का निकत्सन कब्रगाह था। 

 

प्रश्न 4. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में से किन्हीं चार वाक्यों का निर्देशानुसार वाच्य परिवर्तन कीजिए-

(क) बालगोबिन भगत प्रभातियाँ गाते थे। (कर्मवाच्य में बदलिए) 

(ख) बीमारी के कारण वह यहाँ न आ सका।। (भाववाच्य में बदलिए) 

(ग) माँ के द्वारा बचपन में ही चोषित कर दिया गया था। (कर्तवाच्य में बदलिए) 

(घ) अवनि चाय बना रही है। (कर्मवाच्य में बदलिए) 

(ङ) घायत हंस उड़ न पाया। भाववाच्य में बदलिए। 

उत्तर. (क) कर्मवाच्य- बालगोबिन भगत द्वारा प्रभातियाँ गाई जाती थी। 

(ख) भाव वाच्य- बीमारी के कारण वह यहाँ नहीं आ सकता। 

(ग) कर्तृवाच्य-माँ ने बचपन में ही घोषित कर दिया था। 

(घ) अवनि के द्वारा चाय बनायी गयी। 

(ङ) भाववाच्य घायल हंस उड़न सका। 

 

प्रश्न5. निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में से किन्हीं चार रेखांकित पदों का पद-परिचय लिखिए 

(क) दादी जी प्रतिदिन समाचार पत्र पढ़ती हैं। 

(ख) रोहन यहाँ नहीं आया था। 

(ग) वे मुंबई जा चुके हैं।

(घ) परिश्रमी अंकिता अपना काम समय में पूरा कर लेती है। 

(ङ) रवि रोज सवेरे दौड़ता है। 

उत्तर: (क) पढ़ती है- एकवचन, क्रिया, स्त्रीलिंग 

(ख) यहाँ- सर्वनाम, स्थानवाचक क्रिया विशेषण 

(ग) वे- बहुवचन, सर्वनाम (पुरुषवाचक), कर्ता कारक। 

(घ) परिश्रमी- जातिवाचक संज्ञा, एकवचन, विशेषता विशेषता स्पष्ट करता है। 

(ङ) रवि- व्यक्ति वाचक संज्ञा, एकवचन, पुल्लिंग कर्ताकारक। 

 

प्रश्न 6. निम्नलिखित में से किन्हीं चार प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए 

(क) करुण रस का एक उदाहरण लिखिए। 

(ख) निम्नलिखित काव्य पंक्तियों में निहित रस पहचान कर लिखिए 

तंबूरा ले मंच पर बैठे प्रेमप्रताप, 

साज मिले पंद्रह मिनट, घंटा भर आलाप। 

घंटा भर आलाप राग में मारा गोता.

धीरे-धीरे खिसक चुके थे सारे श्रोता। 

(क) उत्साह किस रस का स्थायी भाव है? 

(ख) वात्सल्य रस का स्थायी क्या है? 

(ग) शृंगार रस के कौनसे दो भेद हैं। 

उत्तरः करुण रस का उदाहरण उभरी नसों वाले हाथ घिसे नाखूनों वाले हाथ पीपल के पत्ते से नए-नए हाथ जूही की डाल से खुशबूदार हाथ गंदे कटे-पिटे हाथ जख्म से फटे हुए हाथ खुशबू रचते हैं 

(क) हाथा 

(ख) हास्यरस 

(ग) उत्साह वीर रस का स्थायी भाव है। 

(घ) वात्सल्य रस का स्थायी भाव वत्सल है। 

(ङ) श्रृंगार रस के दो भेद संयोग श्रृंगार और वियोग श्रृंगार 

 

खण्ड ‘ग’ 

प्रश्न 7. निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़कर पूछे गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए

किसी दिन एक शिष्या ने डरते-डरते खाँ साहब को टोका, बाबा। आप यह क्या करते हैं, इतनी प्रतिष्ठा है आपकी। अब तो आपको भारतरत्न भी मिल चुका है, यह फटी तहमद न पहना करें। अच्छा नहीं लगता, जब भी कोई आता है आप इसी फटी तहमद में सबसे मिलते हैं। खाँ साहब मुसकराए। लाड़ से भरकर बोले, “धत् ! पगली, ई भारतरत्न हमको शहनईया पे मिला है. लुंगिया पे नाहीं तुम लोगों की तरह बनाव-सिंगार देखते रहते, तो उमर ही बीत जाती, हो चुकती शहनाई। तब क्या रियाज हो पाता?” 

(क) एक दिन एक शिष्या ने खाँ साहब को क्या कहा? क्यों? 

(ख) खाँ साहब ने शिष्या को क्या समझाया। 

(ग) इससे खाँ साहब के स्वभाव के बारे में क्या पता चलता 

उत्तर: (क) एक दिन एक शिष्या ने खाँ साहब से कहा कि बाबा अब तो आपको बहुत प्रतिष्ठा व सम्मान मिल चुका है, फिर भी आप यह फटी हुई तहमद (लुंगी) क्यों पहनते हो? उस (शिष्या) ने ऐसा इसलिए कहा क्योंकि खाँ साहब इसी तहमद में ही सभी से मिलते थे और उसे यह अच्छा नहीं लगता था। 

(ख) खाँ साहब ने नम्रतापूर्वक अपनी शिष्या को समझाते हुए कहा कि मुझे भारतरत्न’ शहनाई बजाने पर मिला है, न कि लुंगी पर। मैंने बनाव सिंगार पर ध्यान न देकर अपनी साधना शहनाई पर ध्यान दिया है। 

(ग) इससे खाँ साहब के स्वभाव का पता चलता है कि वे सादा जीवन उच्च विचार के प्रबल समर्थक थे। वे सादगी पसंद और उन्होंने अपना सारा जीवन अपनी साधना में समर्पित कर दिया। वे सच्चे अर्थों में सच्चे कलाकार थे। 

 

प्रश्न 8. निम्नलिखित में से किन्हीं चार प्रश्नों के उत्तर संक्षेप में लिखिए : 

(क) लेखक ने फादर कामिल बुल्के की याद को यज्ञ की पवित्र अग्नि क्यों कहा है?

(ख) मन्नू भंडारी का अपने पिता से जो वैचारिक मतभेद था उसे अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।

(ग) ‘नेताजी का चश्मा’ पाठ में बच्चों द्वारा मूर्ति पर सरकंडे का चश्मा लगाना क्या प्रदर्शित करता है?

(घ) बालगोबिन भगत सुस्त और बोदे से बेटे के साथ कैसा व्यवहार करते थे और क्यों?

(ङ) लखनवी अंदाज’ पाठ के आधार पर बताइए कि लेखक ने यात्रा करने के लिए सेकंड क्लास का टिकट क्यों खरीदा।

उत्तर:(क) जिस प्रकार यज्ञ की पवित्र अग्नि अपने चारों ओर के वातावरण को शुद्ध पवित्र करके महका देती है और लम्बे समय तक वह पवित्रता और शुद्धता बनी रहती है, ठीक उसी प्रकार फादर बुल्के भी अपने स्नेह और ममता की छाँव से सबको सराबोर कर देते थे। 

(ख) मन्नू भंडारी के पिता चाहते थे कि वह घर में होने वाले राजनीतिक पार्टियों के लोगों के विचार सुने जाने और समझे कि देश में क्या कुछ हो रहा है, यही पिताजी के द्वारा दी गयी आजादी की सीमा थी, लेकिन मन्नू की आजादी की सीमा चारदीवारी से बाहर निकल कर आजादी के आंदोलन में भाग लेना था। इसी कारण अपने पिता के साथ मन्नू की। वैचारिक टकराहट थी। क्योंकि दोनों के विचारों में विपरीत सोच थी।

(ग) बच्चों द्वारा नेताजी की मूर्ति पर सरकंडे का चश्मा लगाया जाना यह उम्मीद जगाता है कि हमारी भावी पीढ़ी में देशभक्ति की भावना प्रबल है। इस देश के नवनिर्माण में न केवल युवा बल्कि बच्चा-बच्चा भी अपना योगदान देने में तत्पर है। बड़े व्यक्तियों से कहीं अधिक बड़े देशभक्त हमारे नौनिहाल हैं हमारा देश सुरक्षित हाथों में है।

(घ) बालगोबिन भगत का मानना था कि ऐसे व्यक्तियों को अधिक प्यार और स्नेह की आवश्यकता होती है। जो लोग मानसिक रूप से सुस्त और बोदा होते हैं माता पिता के उनके प्रति कर्तव्य और भी बढ़ जाते हैं। वे प्रेम और ममता के अधिकारी सामान्य लोगों से ज्यादा होते हैं। यदि ऐसे बच्चों को तिरस्कार उपेक्षित किया जाए तो उनमें असुरक्षा व हीनता की भावना जन्म लेगी एवं उनका भविष्य खतरे में पड़ जाएगा।

(ङ) लेखक नयी कहानी की रचना करना चाहते थे, उन्होंने सोचा कि मुफ्फलिस की ट्रेन में सेकण्ड क्लास का डिब्बा बिल्कुल खाली होगा जिससे वे भीड़ से बचकर नई कहानी के विषय में एकान्त में चिंतन करने के साथ-साथ प्राकृतिक दृश्यों की शोभा भी निहार सकेंगे। जिस कारण उन्होंने एकांत की दृष्टि से सेकण्ड क्लास का टिकट खरीदा।

 

प्रश्न 9. निम्नलिखित काव्यांश को ध्यानपूर्वकपढ़कर पूछे गए प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए 

यश है या न वैभव है, मान है न सरमायाः 

जितनी ही दौड़ातू उतना ही भरमाया। 

प्रभुता का शरण-बिंब केवल मृगतृष्णा है, 

हर चंद्रिका में छिपी एक रात कृष्णा है। 

जो है यथार्थ कठिन उसका तू कर पूजन 

छाया मत छूना मन, 

होगा दुख दूना। 

(क) हर चंद्रिका में छिपी एक रात कृष्णा है- इस पंक्ति से कवि किस तथ्य से अवगत करवाना चाहता है ? 

(ख) कवि ने यथार्थ के पूजन की बात क्यों कही है? 

(ग) मृगतृष्णा का प्रतीकात्मक अर्थ लिखिए। 

उत्तर (क) हर चंद्रिका में छिपी एक रात कृष्णा है- इस पंक्ति में कवि यह तथ्य अवगत कराना चाहते हैं कि मनुष्य को इस यथार्थको स्वीकार कर लेना चाहिए कि जीवन में सुख-दुख का चोली दामन का साथ होता है। जीवन में केवल सुख रूपी चाँदनी रातें ही नहीं 

अपितु दुख रूपी अमावस्या भी आती है। 

(ख) कवि ने यथार्थ पूजन की बात इसलिए कही है क्योंकि यथार्थ ही जीवन की वास्तविकता है, इसका सामना हर किसी को करना पड़ता है। भविष्य को सुंदर बनाने के लिए वर्तमान में परिश्रम करना पड़ता है। 

(ग) मृगतृष्णा का शाब्दिक अर्थ है-धोखा या भ्रम रेगिस्तान में रेत के टीलों पर चिलचिलाती धूप को पानी समझकर हिरण प्यास बुझाने दौड़ता है। इसी को मृगतृष्णा कहते हैं। इसका प्रतीकात्मक अर्थ भ्रमक चीजों से है जो सुख का भ्रम पैदा करती है। जो न होकर भी होने का आभास कराती है वही मृगतृष्णा है। 

 

प्रश्न 10.  निम्नलिखित में से किन्हीं चीर प्रश्नों के उत्तर संक्षेप में लिखिए : 

(क) संगतकार की मनुष्यता किसे कहा गया है? वह मनुष्यता कैसे बनाए रखता है?

(ख) ‘अट नहीं रही है’ कविता के आधार पर बसंत ऋतु की शोभा का वर्णन कीजिए।

(ग) परशुराम ने अपनी किन विशेषताओं के उल्लेख के द्वारा लक्ष्मण को डराने का प्रयास किया?

(घ) आपकी दृष्टि में कन्या के साथ दान की बात करना कहाँ तक उचित है? तर्क दीजिए।

(ङ) कवि ने शिशु की मुस्कान को ‘दंतुरित मुस्कान’ क्यों कहा है? कवि के मन पर उस मुस्कान का क्या प्रभाव पड़ा?

उत्तर:(क) संगतकार की मनुष्यता यह है कि वह हमेशा स्वयं को मुख्य गायक के पीछे ही रखता है वह अपनी मनुष्यता बनाए रखने के लिए कभी भी मुख्य गायक को अकेलेपन का अहसास नहीं होने देता। वह हमेशा मुख्य गायक को ऊँचाई पर रखता है। जब मुख्य गायक का स्वर कभी अनहद में भटक जाता है तो संगतकार उन सुरों को सँभालने का कार्य करता है और मुख्य गायक को हताश नहीं होने देता। इस प्रकारे वह अपनी मनुष्यता को बनाकर रखता है। 

(ख) कवि निराला फागुन और बसंत की शोभा का वर्णन करते हुए कहते हैं कि चारों ओर प्रकृति में अद्भुत सौंदर्य बिखरा हुआ है। बसंत का मादक सौंदर्य आँखों में समा नहीं पा रहा है। पेड़ों पर नए पल्लव दल लाल और हरे रंग के आ गए हैं। प्रकृति के गले में रंग बिरंगे पुष्पों की माला सजी हुई है। चारों ओर खुशहाल वातावरण है। बसंत की शोभा मंत्रमुग्ध करने वाली है। जिसको आँखें स्वीकार नहीं कर पा रही हैं।

(ग) परशुराम बोले हे लक्ष्मण सहस्रबाहु की हजार भुजाओं को काटने वाली मेरी इस कुल्हाड़ी की ओर देखो। यह गर्भ के शिशुओं को भी नहीं छोड़ती। यह बड़ी क्रूर है पल भर में मैं तुम्हें काल का निवाला बना दूंगा। मैं बाल ब्रह्मचारी और अत्यंत क्रोधी हूँ, मैंने अपनी भुजाओं के बल से धरती को क्षत्रिय विहीन कर दिया था और अनेक बार इस धरती को जीतकर ब्राह्मणों को दान में दे दिया था।

(घ) हमारी दृष्टि में कन्या के साथ दाने की बात करना उचित नहीं है। दान तो किसी वस्तु का किया जाता है। कन्या कोई दान की वस्तु नहीं है लेकिन दान से तात्पर्य है कि अपनी कोई प्रिय वस्तु किसी दूसरे के हाथों में सौंप देना। ठीक उसी प्रकार माँ भी अपनी पुत्री को विवाह के समय सदा के लिए दूसरे के हाथों में सौंप देती है जो उसकी अमूल्य पूँजी होती है। अतः कन्या के विवाह को दान का नाम दिया गया है।

(ङ) कवि ने शिशु की मुस्कान को दंतुरित मुस्कान कहा है अर्थात् शिशु के नए दांतों की मुस्कान। शिशु की दंतुरित मुस्कान कवि के लिए मृतक में भी जान डाल देने वाली है कवि के मन पर शिशु की मुस्कान का यह प्रभाव पड़ता है कि उसे लगता है कि कमल का फूल तालाब को छोड़कर स्वयं उसकी झोपड़ी में आकर खिल गया है। कवि अत्यंत प्रफुल्लित और आश्चर्यचकित है। 

 

प्रश्न 11. जार्ज पंचम की नाक पाठके माध्यम से लेखक ने समाज पर क्या व्यंग्य किया है? 

अथवा 

प्रश्न 11. सिक्किम की युवती के कथन मैं इंडियन हूँ से स्पष्ट होता है कि अपनी जाति, धर्म-क्षेत्र और संप्रदाय से। अधिक महत्वपूर्ण राष्ट है। आप किस प्रकार राष्ट्र के उत्तरप्रति अपने कर्तव्य निभाकर देश के प्रति अपना प्रेम प्रकट कर सकते हैं? समझाइए। 

उत्तर: (क) जार्ज पंचम की नाक’ पाठ के आधार पर लेखक ने समाज एवं देश की बदहाल स्थितियों पर करारा व्यंग्य किया गया है। इस पाठ में दर्शाया गया है कि अंग्रेजी हुकूमत से आज़ादी प्राप्त करने के बाद भी सत्ता से जुड़े लोगों की औपनिवेशक दौर की मानसिकता के शिकार हैं। नाक मान-सम्मान व प्रतिष्ठा का प्रतीक है, जबकि कटी हुई नाक अपमान का प्रतीक है। जार्ज पंचम की नाक अर्थात् सम्मान एक साधारण भारतीय की नाक से भी छोटी (कम) है, फिर भी सरकारी अधिकारी उनकी नाक बचाने के लिए जी जान से लगे रहे। अंत में किसी जीवित व्यक्ति की नाक काटकर जार्ज पंचम की नाक लगा दी गई। केवल दिखावे के लिए या दूसरों को खुश करने के लिए अपनों की इज्जत के साथ खिलवाड़ की जाती है। यह पूरी प्रक्रिया भारतीय जनता के आत्मसम्मान पर प्रहार दर्शाती है। इसमें सत्ता से जुड़े लोगों की मानसिकता पर व्यंग्य है। 

अथवा 

उत्तर: जिस प्रकार सिक्किम की युवती के कथन में मैं इंडियन हूँ से स्पष्ट होता है कि वे जाति, धर्म, संप्रदाय से कहीं अधिक राष्ट्र होता है। उसी प्रकार हम भी अपने राष्ट्र के प्रति अपना कर्तव्य निभाकर देश के प्रति अपना प्रेम प्रदर्शित करेंगे। हम आजकल कई पर्यटन स्थलों में लोग आधुनिकता के रंग में रंगी हुई, प्रकृति को जाने-अनजाने नष्ट कर रहे हैं। वहाँ के सौंदर्य को नष्ट कर रहे हैं। इसे रोकना होगा नहीं तो हम प्रकृति के सौंदर्य से वंचित रहेंगे। हमें एक जागरूक नागरिक होने के नाते जन-जन में स्वच्छता का संदेश देना होगा। पर्यावरण को स्वच्छ बनाने के लिए लोगों को अधिक-से-अधिक वृक्षारोपण करने, पेड़ों को न काटने, प्रदूषण फैलाने वाले वाहनों एव उपकरणों के कम से कम प्रयोग आदि के प्रति जागरूक करने का प्रयास करेंगे। 

 

खण्ड ‘घ’ 

प्रश्न 12. निम्नलिखित में से किसी एक विषय पर दिए गए संकेत बिन्दुओं के आधार पर लगभग 200 से 250 शब्दों में निबंध लिखिए 

(क) कमरतोड़ महँगाई 

  • महँगाई के कारण 
  • समाज पर प्रभाव 
  • व्यावहारिक समाधान 

(ख) स्वच्छ भारत अभियान 

  • विकास में स्वच्छता का योगदान 
  • अस्वच्छता से हानिया 
  • रोकने के उपाय 

(ग) बदलती जीवन शैल 

  • जीवन शैली का आशय 
  • बदलाव कैसा 
  • परिणाम 

उत्तर: निबंध 

कमरतोड़ महँगाई महँगाई का अर्थ होता है वस्तुओं की कीमत में वृद्धि होना। इस महँगाई पर ही पूरे देश की अर्थव्यवस्था टिकी होती है। मॅहगाई मनुष्य के जीवन शैली को प्रभावित करती है। आप समाज की यह प्रमुख समस्या है जिसने उच्च, मध्यम व निम्न सभी वर्गों की कमर तोड़ रखी 

महँगाई की समस्या न केवल भारत बल्कि पूरे विश्व की गंभीर समस्या बन गई है। इस समस्या के कारण बहुत से देशों का आर्थिक स्तर घटता है। हमारा देश, भारत जनसंख्या की दृष्टि से दूसरा बड़ा देश है। पर उस तरह की पैदावार नहीं हो पा रही है जिससे आए दिन सामानों के दाम बढ़ते हैं। आजादी के बाद भारत में तीन चीजें हमेशा बढ़ती रही हैं भ्रष्टाचार, असमानता और महँगाई। ये तीनों सगी बहनें हैं। ये एक साथ बढ़ती हैं। भ्रष्टाचार बढ़ता है तो धनवान और धनी होते जाते हैं और गरीब बिल्कुल लगोंटी यारी हो जाते हैं। काले धन के कारण कालाबाजारी बढ़ती है। उससे मँहगाई बढ़ती है। 

हमारे देश के अमीर लोग इस मॅहगाई के सबसे अधिक जिम्मेदार होते हैं। आपात काल के शुरू-शुरू में वस्तुओं की कीमत कम रखने की परंपरा चली लेकिन व्यापरी अपनी मनमानी करते हैं, सामान्य जनता पर महँगाई का सबसे अधिक प्रभाव पड़ता है। उसके पास सीमित पूँजी होती है और उसकी खरीदने की शक्ति कमजोर हो जाती है। अफसरशाही नेता, व्यापारी ये सभी मँहगाई को बढ़ाने के लिए बहुत अधिक जिम्मेदार हैं। इससे समाज पर दुष्प्रभाव पड़ता है। 

यदि सरकार मुद्रास्फीति पर रोक लगाए तो शायद महँगाई पर कुछ तो लगाम लग सकेगी। सरकार को अधिक पैमाने पर गांवों का विकास कर उन्हें जागरूक करना चाहिए जिससे वे आधुनिक संसाधनों का प्रयोग करे और पैदावार बढ़ाए। 

हमारी अधिकांश समस्याओं का मूल कारण जनसंख्या है। जब तक जनसंख्या को वश में नहीं किया जाएगा मॅहगाई वश में नहीं आयेगी। महँगाई को वश में करने के लिए उचित राष्ट्र नीति जरूरी है। मॅहगाई को रोकने के लिए लोगों को अपनी जमाखोरी की प्रवृत्ति छोड़नी होगी। उपभोक्ता को भी उतनी ही वस्तुएं खरीदनी चाहिए जितनी कि उसे आवश्यकता हो । दोबारा जरूरत पड़ने पर उपभोक्ता को तभी सामान लेना चाहिए। इस तरह से महँगाई पर काबू रखा जा सकता है। 

(ख) स्वच्छ भारत अभियान 

एक कदम स्वच्छता की ओर स्वच्छता आज केवल घर या मुहल्ले तक नहीं बल्कि इसका दायरा काफी बड़ा बन गया है। देश और राष्ट्र की स्वच्छता से ही वास्तविक विकास हो सकता है। जिस देश का नागरिक स्वच्छता के प्रति सजग होगा उस देश का विकास अबाध गति से होगा। प्रत्येक नागरिक का कर्तव्य है कि वह अपने देश की स्वच्छता में अपना सहयोग दें। इसी को ध्यान में रखते हुए हमारी सरकार ने स्वच्छ भारत अभियान चलाया है जिसमें यह प्रण लिया गया है कि प्रत्येक गली, मुहल्ला, सड़कों से लेकर शौचालय का निर्माण कराना और बुनियादी ढांचे को बदलना एवं स्वच्छता का संदेश फैलाना। 

अस्वच्छता से विभिन्न प्रकार की हनियाँ हैं। स्वच्छ वातावरण से पर्यावरण का विकास संभव है। हम सभी जानते हैं कि हमारा वातावरण ग्लोबल वार्मिंग की समस्या से ग्रस्त है पर इससे कुछ अंशों में युक्त। का एकमात्र साधन स्वच्छता है। जिस तरह का स्वच्छ परिवेश से वातावरण में कोई रोग-बीमारी का खतरा नहीं होगा। पहले गांवों में लोग खुले में शौच जाते थे पर इस अभियान द्वारा जनता जागरूक हो गई एवं उन्हें शौचालय का महत्व समझ में आया है। सड़कों, गलियों को स्वच्छ रखना जिससे वहाँ रहने वाले लोग स्वस्थ रहेंगे। 

हमारे पूज्यनीय गांधी जी स्वच्छता के प्रति अत्यंत जागरूक थे उन्हीं के सिद्धांतों को आगे बढ़ाते हुए हमारे प्रधानमंत्री श्री नरेन्द्र मोदी जी ने 2 अक्टूबर 2014 को इस आंदोलन से जोड़ने की मुहिम चलाई है। इस आंदोलन को जन-जन तक पहुँचाने के लिए हमारे अभिनेता-अभिनेत्री सब स्कूल, कॉलेजों वे सरकारी कार्यालयों ने अहम भूमिका निभाई है। अब वह समय दूर नहीं जब हम गांधी जी के सपने को साकार कर पाएंगे। 

इसलिए हमें ‘स्वच्छ भारत अभियान में बढ़चद कर हिस्सा लेना चाहिए और कुछ नहीं तो हमें कम से कम रोज हमारी गली को साफ करना चाहिए। शिक्षा के प्रसार प्रचार को बढ़ावा देकर जनता को स्वच्छता के प्रति जागरूक करना चाहिए। स्वच्छ भारत अभियान में आप भी भागीदार बने लोगों को स्वच्छता के प्रति जागरूक बनाएं। 

(ग) बदलती जीवन शैली स्वस्थ जीवन शैली एक अच्छे जीवन की नींव है। हालांकि इस जीवन शैली को हासिल करने में ज्यादा मेहनत नहीं लगती बल्कि कई लोग व्यावसायिक प्रतिबद्धताओं दृढ़ संकल्प की कमी और अन्य कारणों द्वारा इसका पालन नहीं कर पाते स्वस्थ रहने के लिए किस प्रकार की शैली अपनाना है यह जानना ज्यादा जरूरी हैं। 

आजकल की पीढ़ी कम्यूटर मोबाइल, बर्गर, पिज्जा और देर रात की पार्टियों पर आधारित है-मूल रूप से ये सब अस्वास्थ्यकर है। पेशेवर प्रतिबद्धताओं और व्यक्तिगत मुद्दों ने सभी को जकड़ लिया है। और इन सभी आवश्यकताओं के बीच वे अपना स्वास्थ्य खो रहे हैं। इन दिनों लोग अपने दैनिक जीवन में इतने व्यस्त हो गए हैं कि वे भूल गए हैं कि एक स्वस्थ जीवन जीने के क्या मायने हैं। हम स्वस्थकर आदतें अपनाकर अपनी जीवन शैली में सुधारा जा सकता है यदि हम प्रातः भ्रमण, योगा व मेडिटेशन का जीवन में समावेश करें तो हमारा स्वास्थ्य अच्छा हो पाएगा। शरीर में अनेक शक्तियाँ निहित हैं, यदि हम उन शक्तियों को पहचान लेंगे तो हम निरोग रहेंगे। 

 

प्रश्न 13.  गत कुछ दिनों से आपके क्षेत्र में अपराध बढ़ने लगे हैं। इससे आप चिंतित हैं। इन अपराधों की रोकथाम के लिए थानाध्यक्ष को पत्र लिखिए। 

अथवा

प्रश्न 13. आपका एक मित्र शिमला में रहता है। आप उसके आमंत्रण पर ग्रीष्मावकाश में वहाँ गए थे और प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य का खूब आनंद उठाया था। घर वापस लौटने पर कृतज्ञता व्यक्त करते हुए मित्र को पत्र लिखिए।

उत्तर:

परीक्षा भवन,

क, ख, ग

नई दिल्ली। 1100XX

सेवा में,

          थानाध्यक्ष,

          च, छ, ज

          नई दिल्ली।

विषय- बढ़ते अपराधों की शिकायत हेतु थानाध्यक्ष को पत्र।

महोदय,

  सविनय नम्र निवेदन इस प्रकार है कि हमारे क्षेत्र में कुछ दिनों से अपराध बढ़ते ही जा रहे हैं। आए दिन महिलाओं के साथ दुर्व्यवहार, छेड़छाड़ और चेन झपटमारी की घटनाएँ बढ़ती जा रही हैं। लड़कियों का घर से बाहर निकलना दूभर हो रहा है। चोरी डकैती की घटनाएँ भी दिन प्रतिदिन बढ़ने के कारण हमारे क्षेत्र के निवासी अत्यंत परेशान हैं। 

अतः आपसे आग्रह है कि हमारे क्षेत्र में पुलिस गश्त बढ़ा दी जाए और महिलाओं की सुरक्षा के लिए कुछ उचित कदम उठाएँ जिससे कि सभी क्षेत्र के निवासी सुरक्षित जीवन जी सकें। यदि आपने हमारी समस्या की ओर ध्यान दिया तो हम सभी क्षेत्र के निवासी आपके अत्यंत आभारी रहेंगे।

सधन्यवाद! 

भवदीय,

प, फ, ब.

दिनांक-22.03.20XX

अथवा

उत्तर:

परीक्षा भवन,

क, ख, ग

नई दिल्ली।

1100XX

दिनांक 22.03.20XX

प्रिय मित्र,

मधुर स्मृति। मैं यहाँ पर कुशलपूर्वक हूँ तथा तुम्हारी कुशलता की कामनाएँ ईश्वर से करता हूँ। पत्र लिखने का कारण यह है कि मैं तुम्हारे प्रति अपनी असीम कृतज्ञता व्यक्त करना चाहता हूँ। मुझे अत्यंत प्रसन्नता है कि तुमने मुझे शिमला आने का आमंत्रण दिया और मैं वहां पहुँच भी गया। जिस प्रकार तुमने मुझे शिमला की सैर कराई और मैंने प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य क आनंद लिया उस आनंद को मैं कभी भूल नहीं सकता। पर्वतीय सौंदर्य में एक अजीब सी शांति और सुख है। काश मैं भी तुम्हारे साथ हमेशा उस स्वर्गिक सौंदर्य का आनंद ले पाता।

मैं तुम्हारा शुक्रगुजार हूँ कि तुमने मुझे शिमला के दर्शनीय स्थलों की सैर कराई तथा पहाड़ों की खूबसूरती के नजारे दिखाए। अगले वर्ष ग्रीष्मावकाश में मैं फिर से पर्वतीय सौंदर्य का आनंद लेना चाहूँगा। घर में अपने माता पिताजी को मेरा प्रणाम देना और छोटी बहन को स्नेह।

 तुम्हारा अभिन्न मित्र।

 त थ द

 

प्रश्न 14. अतिवृष्टि के कारण कुछ शहर बाढ़ ग्रस्त हैं। वहाँ के निवासियों की सहायतार्थ सामग्री एकत्र करने हेतु एक विज्ञापन लगभग 50 शब्दों में तैयार कीजिए। 

अथवा 

प्रश्न 14. बॉल पेनों की एक कंपनी सफल’ नाम से बाजार में आई है। उसके लिए एक विज्ञापन लगभग 50 शब्दों में तैयार कीजिए। 

उत्तर: दान एक पुण्य 

आइए पुण्य कमाइए 

रोटरी क्लब की ओर से केरल के बाढ़पीड़ितों के लिए सहायता आपकी सहायता किसी की जिंदगी को सुरक्षित कर सकती है। तो देर किस बात की गाँधी मैदान में आकर अपना सहयोग दें. 

(सहयोग राशि कुछ भी हो सकती है) शिविर 7,8,9 अप्रैल 2019 तक ही। 

अन्य जानकारी हेतु संपर्क करें 8979645321, 011-254639 

रोटरी क्लब ऑफिस गाँधी मैदान, 

जनकपुरी नई दिल्ली। 

अथवा

 

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